Democratic Republic of the Congo - Wikipedia (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediaBadges.ulsV2%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cmediawiki.skinning.content.parsoid%7Cmediawiki.skins.legacy%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (//upload.wikimedia.org) (/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (//meta.wikimedia.org)  (auth.wikimedia.org)   Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Top)   1 Etymology     2 History    Toggle History subsection  2.1 Early history     2.2 Congo Free State (1877–1908)     2.3 Belgian Congo (1908–1960)     2.4 Independence and political crisis (1960–1965)     2.5 Mobutu autocracy and Zaire (1965–1997)     2.6 Continental and civil wars (1996–2007)     2.7 Continued conflicts (2008–2018)     2.8 2018 election and Tshisekedi presidency (2018–present)       3 Geography    Toggle Geography subsection  3.1 Climate change     3.2 Biodiversity and conservation       4 Government and politics    Toggle Government and politics subsection  4.1 Administrative divisions     4.2 Foreign relations     4.3 Military     4.4 Law enforcement, crime, and corruption     4.5 Human rights       5 Economy    Toggle Economy subsection  5.1 Mining     5.2 Transportation     5.3 Energy       6 Demographics    Toggle Demographics subsection  6.1 Ethnic groups     6.2 Largest cities     6.3 Migration   6.3.1 Forced displacement and refugees       6.4 Languages     6.5 Religion     6.6 Education     6.7 Health       7 Culture    Toggle Culture subsection  7.1 Literature     7.2 Music     7.3 Media     7.4 Cuisine     7.5 Sports       8 See also     9 Notes     10 References    Toggle References subsection  10.1 Sources       11 Further reading     12 External links           (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Democratic Republic of the Congo    274 languages  (https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE) (Адемократиатә Республика Конго – Abkhazian) Аԥсшәа   (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Kongo) (Republik Demokratik Kongo – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiese_Republiek_die_Kongo) (Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratische_Republik_Kongo) (Demokratische Republik Kongo – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8E_%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AB%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%AB%E1%8B%8A_%E1%88%AA%E1%8D%90%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AD) (ኮንጎ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo,_democratic_republic_of_the) (Congo, democratic republic of the – Amis) Pangcah   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democratica_d%27o_Congo) (Republica Democratica d'o Congo – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folcr%C4%ABcelicu_Cynew%C4%ABse_%C3%BE%C3%A6s_Congwes) (Folcrīcelicu Cynewīse þæs Congwes – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Kinshasa) (Kongo Kinshasa – Obolo) Obolo   (https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B) (कॉन्गो – Angika) अंगिका   (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9) (جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية – Arabic) العربية   (https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%9B%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%A9%DC%AA%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%93%DC%98) (ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܬܐ ܕܩܘܢܓܘ – Aramaic) ܐܪܡܝܐ   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%DD%A3%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9) (جمهورية لكونݣو الديموقراطية – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%87) (جمهورية كونجو الديموقراطيه – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_d%27El_Congu) (República Democrática d'El Congu – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokasanerotifa_Kongoa) (Sokasanerotifa Kongoa – Kotava) Kotava   (https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungu_Dimukratiku_Ripublika) (Kungu Dimukratiku Ripublika – Aymara) Aymar aru   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konqo_Demokratik_Respublikas%C4%B1) (Konqo Demokratik Respublikası – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C) (کونقو دموکراتیک جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B) (Конго Демократик Республикаһы – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_D%C3%A9mokratik_Kongo) (Républik Démokratik Kongo – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratische_Republik_Kongo) (Demokratische Republik Kongo – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuonga_Demuokrat%C4%97n%C4%97_Respobl%C4%97ka) (Kuonga Demuokratėnė Respoblėka – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratikong_Republika_kan_Kongo) (Demokratikong Republika kan Kongo – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0) (Дэмакратычная Рэспубліка Конга – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0) (Дэмакратычная Рэспубліка Конга – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiblik_Kera%27yatan_Kongo) (Kiblik Kera'yatan Kongo – Betawi) Betawi   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE) (Демократична република Конго – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95) (कांगो डेमोक्रेटिक रिपब्लिक – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratik_Ripablik_blong_Kongo) (Demokratik Ripablik blong Kongo – Bislama) Bislama   (https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripublik_Demokratik_Kongo) (Ripublik Demokratik Kongo – Banjar) Banjar   (https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_ka_B%C9%9Bj%C9%9Bfanga_Fasojamana) (Kongo ka Bɛjɛfanga Fasojamana – Bambara) Bamanankan   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0) (গণতান্ত্রিক কঙ্গো প্রজাতন্ত্র – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D) (ཀོང་གོ་མི་དམངས་དམངས་གཙོ། – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0) (গনতান্ত্রিক কঙ্গো প্রজাতন্ত্র – Bishnupriya) বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Demokratel_Kongo) (Republik Demokratel Kongo – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratska_Republika_Kongo) (Demokratska Republika Kongo – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Kongo) (Republik Demokratik Kongo – Batak Mandailing) Batak Mandailing   (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81) (Бүгэдэ Найрамдаха Арадшалһан Конго Улас – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A0tica_del_Congo) (República Democràtica del Congo – Catalan) Català   (https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_del_Congo) (República Democrática del Congo – Chavacano) Chavacano de Zamboanga   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_M%C3%ACng-ci%C5%8D_G%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3ng-hu%C3%B2-gu%C3%B3k) (Congo Mìng-ciō Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0) (Конгон Демократин Республика – Chechen) Нохчийн   (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratikanhong_Republika_sa_Konggo) (Demokratikanhong Republika sa Konggo – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%98_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%96%E1%8F%97_%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AA) (ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎧᏂᎪ – Cherokee) ᏣᎳᎩ   (https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo – Cheyenne) Tsetsêhestâhese   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%86) (کۆماری دیموکراتیی کۆنگۆ – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democratica_di_u_Congo) (Republica Democratica di u Congo – Corsican) Corsu   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokratik_Cumhuriyeti) (Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon%C5%BEsk%C3%A1_demokratick%C3%A1_republika) (Konžská demokratická republika – Czech) Čeština   (https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dem%C3%B2kraticzn%C3%B4_Rep%C3%B9blika_K%C3%B2nga) (Demòkraticznô Repùblika Kònga – Kashubian) Kaszëbsczi   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8) (Конго Демократиллĕ Республики – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Ddemocrataidd_y_Congo) (Gweriniaeth Ddemocrataidd y Congo – Welsh) Cymraeg   (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiske_Republik_Congo) (Demokratiske Republik Congo – Danish) Dansk   (https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo – Dagbani) Dagbanli   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratische_Republik_Kongo) (Demokratische Republik Kongo – German) Deutsch   (https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo – Southern Dagaare) Dagaare   (https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paank%C9%94c_Miirl%C9%94ck%C9%94c_de_Ko%C5%8Bgo) (Paankɔc Miirlɔckɔc de Koŋgo – Dinka) Thuɔŋjäŋ   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet%C3%AA_Kongoy%C3%AA_Demokratiki) (Cumhuriyetê Kongoyê Demokratiki – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiska_republika_Kongo) (Demokratiska republika Kongo – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B) (लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कंगो – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%AF_(%DE%8B%DE%A8%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%A4%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%A0%DE%A9_%DE%96%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%B0%DE%80%DE%AB%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7)) (ކޮންގޯ (ދިމިޤްރާޠީ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ) – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%8Bgo_Kinshasa) (Koŋgo Kinshasa – Ewe) Eʋegbe   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C) (Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία του Κονγκό – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratia_Respubliko_Kongo) (Demokratia Respubliko Kongo – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_del_Congo) (República Democrática del Congo – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokraatlik_Vabariik) (Kongo Demokraatlik Vabariik – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongoko_Errepublika_Demokratikoa) (Kongoko Errepublika Demokratikoa – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAbrica_Democr%C3%A1tica_del_Congu) (Repúbrica Democrática del Congu – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88) (جمهوری دموکراتیک کنگو – Persian) فارسی   (https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konngo_(Ndenndaandi_Demokaraasiyankeeri_Konngo)) (Konngo (Ndenndaandi Demokaraasiyankeeri Konngo) – Fula) Fulfulde   (recommended article) (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongon_demokraattinen_tasavalta) (Kongon demokraattinen tasavalta – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokraatlik_Vabariik) (Kongo Demokraatlik Vabariik – Võro) Võro   (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3lkar%C3%A6%C3%B0iliga_L%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0_Kongo) (Fólkaræðiliga Lýðveldið Kongo – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%94ngo-Kinchasa) (Kɔngo-Kinchasa – Fon) Fɔ̀ngbè   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo) (République démocratique du Congo – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8publica_d%C3%A8mocratica_du_Cong%C3%B4) (Rèpublica dèmocratica du Congô – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokraatisk_Republiik_Kongo) (Demokraatisk Republiik Kongo – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratyske_Republyk_Kongo) (Demokratyske Republyk Kongo – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblacht_Dhaonlathach_an_Chong%C3%B3) (Poblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokratik_Respublikas%C4%B1) (Kongo Demokratik Respublikası – Gagauz) Gagauz   (https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B) (剛果民主共和國 – Gan) 贛語   (https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9piblik_d%C3%A9mokratik_di_Kongo) (Répiblik démokratik di Kongo – Guianan Creole) Kriyòl gwiyannen   (https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblachd_Dheamocratach_na_Congo) (Poblachd Dheamocratach na Congo – Scottish Gaelic) Gàidhlig   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_do_Congo) (República Democrática do Congo – Galician) Galego   (https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A4%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A4_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A4%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%A9_%D9%9A_%D8%AC%D8%A4%D9%85%DB%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A) (کؤنگؤ دمؤکراتيک ٚ جؤمۊري – Gilaki) گیلکی   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3ngo_Jekopytyjoja_Ret%C3%A3) (Kóngo Jekopytyjoja Retã – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo – Ghanaian Pidgin) Ghanaian Pidgin   (https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0) (કોંગોનું પ્રજાસત્તાક ગણતંત્ર – Gujarati) ગુજરાતી   (https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo – Frafra) Farefare   (https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobblaght_Gheynlagh_y_Chongo) (Pobblaght Gheynlagh y Chongo – Manx) Gaelg   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuriyar_Dimokura%C9%97iyyar_Kwango) (Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_M%C3%ACn-ch%C3%BA_Khiung-f%C3%B2-koet) (Congo Mìn-chú Khiung-fò-koet – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95) (הרפובליקה הדמוקרטית של קונגו – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF) (कांगो लोकतान्त्रिक गणराज्य – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratska_Republika_Kongo) (Demokratska Republika Kongo – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiska_republika_Kongo) (Demokratiska republika Kongo – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_(Kinchasa)) (Kongo (Kinchasa) – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong%C3%B3i_Demokratikus_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g) (Kongói Demokratikus Köztársaság – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6) (Կոնգոյի Դեմոկրատական Հանրապետություն – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6) (Քոնկոյի Դեմոկրատական Հանրապետութիւն – Western Armenian) Արեւմտահայերէն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democratic_del_Congo) (Republica Democratic del Congo – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Kongo) (Republik Demokratik Kongo – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republica_de_Congo) (Democratic Republica de Congo – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo – Igbo) Igbo   (https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%8Bku) (Kaŋku – Inupiaq) Iñupiatun   (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiko_a_Republika_ti_Kongo) (Demokratiko a Republika ti Kongo – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE) (Конго – Ingush) ГӀалгӀай   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratial_Republiko_Kongo) (Demokratial Republiko Kongo – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD%C3%B0stj%C3%B3rnarl%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0_Kong%C3%B3) (Lýðstjórnarlýðveldið Kongó – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://isv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrati%C4%8Dna_republika_Kongo) (Demokratična republika Kongo – Interslavic) Medžuslovjansky   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_Democratica_del_Congo) (Repubblica Democratica del Congo – Italian) Italiano   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD) (コンゴ民主共和国 – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimokratik_Ripoblik_a_di_Kanggo) (Dimokratik Ripoblik a di Kanggo – Jamaican Creole English) Patois   (https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/roltrusi%27o_zei.kongos) (roltrusi'o zei.kongos – Lojban) La .lojban.   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_Dh%C3%A9mokratik_Kongo) (Républik Dhémokratik Kongo – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90) (კონგოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokratiyal%C4%B1q_Respublikas%C4%B1) (Kongo Demokratiyalıq Respublikası – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagduda_Tamegdayt_n_Kungu) (Tagduda Tamegdayt n Kungu – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kai.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwango) (Kwango – Karekare) Karai-karai   (https://kaj.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1nyring_ncen_Kongo) (A̱nyring ncen Kongo – Jju) Jju   (https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%94%C5%8Bgo_Kinsasa) (Kɔŋgo Kinsasa – Kabiye) Kabɩyɛ   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%CC%B1ma%C3%A1%CC%B1niet_Di%CC%B1moki%CC%B1rasi_Konggo) (Ga̱maá̱niet Di̱moki̱rasi Konggo – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubilika_ya_K%C3%B4ngo_Demokratiki) (Repubilika ya Kôngo Demokratiki – Kongo) Kongo   (https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo – Kikuyu) Gĩkũyũ   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B) (Конго Демократиялық Республикасы – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%84) (សាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាធិបតេយ្យកុងហ្គោ – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF) (ಕಾಂಗೋ ಪ್ರಜಾಸತ್ತಾತ್ಮಕ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo – Central Kanuri) Yerwa Kanuri   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%A9%EA%B3%A0_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD) (콩고 민주 공화국 – Korean) 한국어   (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE) (Демократ Республика Конго – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D9%97%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D9%97%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF%D9%88) (جمہوٗری جمہوٗریہ کونٛگو – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratische_Republek_Kongo) (Demokratische Republek Kongo – Colognian) Ripoarisch   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komara_Demokrat%C3%AEk_a_Kongoy%C3%AA) (Komara Demokratîk a Kongoyê – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblek_Demokratek_an_Kongo) (Repoblek Demokratek an Kongo – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B) (Конго Демократиялык Республикасы – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publica_democratica_Congensis) (Res publica democratica Congensis – Latin) Latina   (https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repuvlika_Demokratika_del_Kongo) (Repuvlika Demokratika del Kongo – Ladino) Ladino   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratesch_Republik_Kongo) (Demokratesch Republik Kongo – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE) (Демократиядин Республика Конго – Lezghian) Лезги   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democrata_de_Congo) (Republica Democrata de Congo – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo) (Democratic Republic of Congo – Ganda) Luganda   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo-Kinshasa) (Congo-Kinshasa – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbrica_Democratica_do_Congo) (Repubbrica Democratica do Congo – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democratica_dl_Congo) (Republica Democratica dl Congo – Ladin) Ladin   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BCblica_Demucratica_del_Congo) (Repüblica Demucratica del Congo – Lombard) Lombard   (https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong%C3%B3-Kins%C3%A1s%C3%A1) (Kongó-Kinsásá – Lingala) Lingála   (https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94_%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%95_%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%81) (ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ກົງໂກ – Lao) ລາວ   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokratin%C4%97_Respublika) (Kongo Demokratinė Respublika – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konga_Demokratiskuo_Republika) (Konga Demokratiskuo Republika – Latgalian) Latgaļu   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokr%C4%81tisk%C4%81_Republika) (Kongo Demokrātiskā Republika – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B) (प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो – Maithili) मैथिली   (https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Kongo) (Republik Demokratik Kongo – Banyumasan) Basa Banyumasan   (https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE) (Демократиянь Республикась Конго – Moksha) Мокшень   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblika_Dem%C3%B4kratikan%27i_K%C3%B4ng%C3%B4) (Repoblika Demôkratikan'i Kôngô – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D2%A5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA) (Демократикле Коҥго Республик – Eastern Mari) Олык марий   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whenua_o_K%C5%8Dngo) (Whenua o Kōngo – Māori) Māori   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Kongo) (Republik Demokratik Kongo – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE) (Демократска Република Конго – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B) (ഡെമോക്രാറ്റിക് റിപബ്ലിക്ക് ഓഫ് കോംഗോ – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B3%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81) (Бүгд Найрамдах Ардчилсан Конго Улс – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%85_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A3) (ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯆꯕ ꯀꯣꯡꯒꯣ – Manipuri) ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95) (काँगोचे लोकशाही प्रजासत्ताक – Marathi) मराठी   (https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0) (Конго Демократи Республика – Western Mari) Кырык мары   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Congo) (Republik Demokratik Congo – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblika_Demokratika_tal-Kongo) (Repubblika Demokratika tal-Kongo – Maltese) Malti   (https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_de_l_Congo) (República Democrática de l Congo – Mirandese) Mirandés   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (ကွန်ဂိုဒီမိုကရက်တစ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C) (Конгонь Демократиянь Республикась – Erzya) Эрзянь   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1) (زئیر – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiese_Republiek_van_de_Kongo) (Demokratiese Republiek van de Kongo – Low Saxon) Nedersaksies   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokraatsche_Republiek_Kongo) (Demokraatsche Republiek Kongo – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B) (प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B) (प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो – Newari) नेपाल भाषा   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo-Kinshasa) (Congo-Kinshasa – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_demokratiske_republikken_Kongo) (Den demokratiske republikken Kongo – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_demokratiske_republikken_Kongo) (Den demokratiske republikken Kongo – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrati_Republike_de_Kongo) (Demokrati Republike de Kongo – Novial) Novial   (https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo – Northern Sotho) Sesotho sa Leboa   (https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naakaii_%C5%81izhinii_Bi%C5%82eeyoot%CA%BC%C4%AF%CC%81%CA%BC%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah_Ntsaa%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD) (Naakaii Łizhinii Biłeeyootʼį́ʼí Bikéyah Ntsaaígíí – Navajo) Diné bizaad   (https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo) (Democratic Republic of Congo – Nyanja) Chi-Chewa   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democratica_de_C%C3%B2ngo) (Republica Democratica de Còngo – Occitan) Occitan   (https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongon_Demokruatilline_Tazavaldu) (Kongon Demokruatilline Tazavaldu – Livvi-Karelian) Livvinkarjala   (https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riippabiliika_Dimookiraatawaa_Koongoo) (Riippabiliika Dimookiraatawaa Koongoo – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AB_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B) (ଡେମୋକ୍ରେଟିକ ରିପବ୍ଲିକ ଅଫ କଙ୍ଗୋ – Odia) ଓଡ଼ିଆ   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6) (Конгойы Демократон Республикæ – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C) (ਕਾਂਗੋ ਲੋਕਤੰਤਰੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikang_Demokr%C3%A1tiku_ning_Konggu) (Republikang Demokrátiku ning Konggu – Pampanga) Kapampangan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblika_Demokr%C3%A1tiko_di_Kongo) (Repúblika Demokrátiko di Kongo – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratik_Repoblik_of_di_Kongo) (Demokratik Repoblik of di Kongo – Nigerian Pidgin) Naijá   (https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demegraadisch_Republik_Kongo) (Demegraadisch Republik Kongo – Pennsylvania German) Deitsch   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratyczna_Republika_Konga) (Demokratyczna Republika Konga – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blica_Democr%C3%A0tica_d%C3%ABl_C%C3%B2ngo) (Repùblica Democràtica dël Còngo – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88) (لوکراج کانگو – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA) (د کانګو ديموکراتيک جمهوريت – Pashto) پښتو   (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_do_Congo) (República Democrática do Congo – Portuguese) Português   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunqu_Runakamaq_Ripuwlika) (Kunqu Runakamaq Ripuwlika – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDC) (RDC – Rundi) Ikirundi   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democratic%C4%83_Congo) (Republica Democratică Congo – Romanian) Română   (https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbleche_Democrateche_d%27u_Congo) (Repubbleche Democrateche d'u Congo – Tarantino) Tarandíne   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE) (Демократическая Республика Конго – Russian) Русский   (https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%BE) (Демократічна републіка Конґо – Rusyn) Русиньскый   (https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubulika_Iharanira_Demokarasi_ya_Kongo) (Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo – Kinyarwanda) Ikinyarwanda   (https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D) (कांगो गणराज्यम् – Sanskrit) संस्कृतम्   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BF%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D) (Конго Демократ Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%B3_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A) (ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟᱱᱛᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱳ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blica_Democr%C3%A0tica_de_su_Congo) (Repùblica Democràtica de su Congo – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip%C3%B9bbrica_Dimucr%C3%A0tica_d%C3%BB_Congu) (Ripùbbrica Dimucràtica dû Congu – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_o_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic o the Congo – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88) (عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_demokr%C3%A1htala%C5%A1_d%C3%A1ssev%C3%A1ldi) (Kongo demokráhtalaš dásseváldi – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9od%C3%B9or%C3%B9os%C3%AAse_t%C3%AE_Ngunuhal%C3%ABzo_t%C3%AE_Kong%C3%B6) (Kùodùorùosêse tî Ngunuhalëzo tî Kongö – Sango) Sängö   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratska_Republika_Kongo) (Demokratska Republika Kongo – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagduda_Tadimuq%E1%B9%9Ba%E1%B9%ADit_n_Kungu) (Tagduda Tadimuqṛaṭit n Kungu – Tachelhit) Taclḥit   (https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B8%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%81%B8%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88_%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%82%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89_%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87) (မိူင်းၸွမ်ပွင်ၸိုင်ႈ တီႇမူဝ်ႇၶရႅတ်ႉတိၵ်ႉ ၶွၼ်းၵူဝ်ႇ – Shan) တႆး   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BA) (කොන්ගෝ ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ජනරජය – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon%C5%BEsk%C3%A1_demokratick%C3%A1_republika) (Konžská demokratická republika – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzhodni_Kongo) (Vzhodni Kongo – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripapelika_Timokiratika_o_le_Congo) (Ripapelika Timokiratika o le Congo – Samoan) Gagana Samoa   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_demokraatl%C3%A2%C5%A1_t%C3%A4siv%C3%A4ldi) (Kongo demokraatlâš täsiväldi – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utemabanze_we_Rudhende_rwe_Vukongo) (Utemabanze we Rudhende rwe Vukongo – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuuriyada_Dimuqaraadiga_Kongo) (Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Demokratike_e_Kongos) (Republika Demokratike e Kongos – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE) (Демократска Република Конго – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhongo) (IKhongo – Swati) SiSwati   (https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rephabliki_ya_Demokrasi_ya_Kongo) (Rephabliki ya Demokrasi ya Kongo – Southern Sotho) Sesotho   (https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiske_Republik_Kongo) (Demokratiske Republik Kongo – Saterland Frisian) Seeltersk   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_D%C3%A9mokratik_Kongo) (Républik Démokratik Kongo – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo-Kinshasa) (Kongo-Kinshasa – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Kidemokrasia_ya_Kongo) (Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%87%EA%A0%8B%EA%A0%89%EA%A0%85) (ꠇꠋꠉꠅ – Sylheti) ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymokratyczno_Republika_K%C5%AFnga) (Dymokratyczno Republika Kůnga – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo – Sakizaya) Sakizaya   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81) (காங்கோ மக்களாட்சிக் குடியரசு – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (The Democratic Republic of the Congo – Atayal) Tayal   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82) (కాంగో ప్రజాస్వామ్య గణతంత్రం – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE) (Ҷумҳурии Демократии Конго – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81) (สาธารณรัฐประชาธิปไตยคองโก – Thai) ไทย   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokratik_Respublikasy) (Kongo Demokratik Respublikasy – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratikong_Republika_ng_Congo) (Demokratikong Republika ng Congo – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokratik%C9%99_Ki%C5%A1v%C9%99r) (Kongo Demokratikə Kišvər – Talysh) Tolışi   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma_Konko_pi_ma_tomo_Kinsasa) (ma Konko pi ma tomo Kinsasa – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokratik_Cumhuriyeti) (Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo – Taroko) Seediq   (https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo – Tsonga) Xitsonga   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B) (Конго Демократик Республикасы – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (good article) (https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo) (Democratic Republic of Congo – Tumbuka) ChiTumbuka   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0) (Конго Демократической Республика – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%90%D9%85%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%83_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89) (كونگو دېموكراتىك جۇمھۇرىيىتى – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE) (Демократична Республіка Конго – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88) (جمہوری جمہوریہ کانگو – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokratik_Respublikasi) (Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republega_Democradega_del_Congo) (Republega Democradega del Congo – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongon_Demokratine_Tazovaldkund) (Kongon Demokratine Tazovaldkund – Veps) Vepsän kel’   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_Congo) (Cộng hòa Dân chủ Congo – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo-Kinshasa) (Congo-Kinshasa – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo%C3%A4n_(Rep%C3%BCblik%C3%A4n_Demokratik)) (Kongoän (Repüblikän Demokratik) – Volapük) Volapük   (https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo-Kinchassa) (Congo-Kinchassa – Walloon) Walon   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Demokratika_han_Congo) (Republika Demokratika han Congo – Waray) Winaray   (https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong%C3%B3o-Kinshasa) (Kongóo-Kinshasa – Wolof) Wolof   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD) (刚果民主共和国 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90) (კონგოშ დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90) (דעמאקראטישע רעפובליק פון קאנגא – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8_Ol%C3%B3m%C3%ACnira_%C3%92%E1%B9%A3%C3%A8l%C3%BA_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_K%C3%B3ng%C3%B2) (Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganggoj_Minzcuj_Gunghozgoz) (Ganggoj Minzcuj Gunghozgoz – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konho-Kinshasa) (Konho-Kinshasa – Zeelandic) Zeêuws   (https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%93_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C) (ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⵓⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B) (剛果民主共和國 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_B%C3%AEn-ch%C3%BA_Ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4-kok) (Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B) (剛果民主共和國 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD) (刚果民主共和国 – Chinese) 中文   (https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhongo-Kinshasa) (IKhongo-Kinshasa – Zulu) IsiZulu    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q974#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (View the content page [c]) Article   (/wiki/Talk:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English         (/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) Read   (/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit) (This page is protected.
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(Page semi-protected)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Country in Central Africa (./Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (./Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)     (./Category:Wikipedia_semi-protected_pages#Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo)    "DRC" redirects here. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRC_(disambiguation)) (DRC (disambiguation)) DRC (disambiguation) . Not to be confused with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo) (Republic of the Congo) Republic of the Congo .  (./Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages#Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg)      Some of this article's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) listed sources may not be (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) (Wikipedia:Reliable sources) reliable  .Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (August 2026 )  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) (Help:Maintenance template removal) Learn how and when to remove this message  )       (./Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_August_2026)  (./Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references)    (./Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2026)    Democratic Republic of the Congo  (French-language text) République démocratique du Congo   (./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg) (Flag of Democratic Republic of the Congo) (Flag of Democratic Republic of the Congo)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Flag   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(black_spear).svg) (Emblem of Democratic Republic of the Congo) (Emblem of Democratic Republic of the Congo)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Emblem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Emblem      Motto:  (French-language text) Justice –  Paix –  Travail  (./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)   ("Justice –  Peace –  Work")  Anthem:  (French-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debout_Congolais) (Debout Congolais) Debout Congolais   (./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)   ("Arise, Congolese")   (English ‪(en)‬)  (español ‪(es)‬)  (français ‪(fr)‬)  (lingála ‪(ln)‬)  (Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬)  (中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬)        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(orthographic_projection).svg)    Show globe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg)    Show map of Africa     Capitaland largest city  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa) (Kinshasa) Kinshasa  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&params=4_19_S_15_19_E_type:city(17,000,000)_region:CD-KN) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 4°19′S 15°19′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 4.317°S 15.317°E  / -4.317; 15.317     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Official languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French   Recognised national languages   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kituba_language) (Kituba language) Kikongo ya leta [ a]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala) (Lingala) Lingala  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language) (Swahili language) Swahili  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luba-Kasai_language) (Luba-Kasai language) Luba-Kasai      Religion (2021)[ 1]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   95.4% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Christianity  2.6% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Traditional_Religion) (African Traditional Religion) traditional faiths  1.5% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Islam  0.5% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) others / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion) (Irreligion) none      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) Demonym  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Congolese    Government Unitary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic) (Semi-presidential republic) semi-presidential republic   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Tshisekedi) (Félix Tshisekedi) Félix Tshisekedi   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Prime Minister   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Suminwa) (Judith Suminwa) Judith Suminwa     Legislature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Parliament   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house) (Upper house) Upper house   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)) (Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)) Senate   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house) (Lower house) Lower house   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)) (National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)) National Assembly   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence) (Independence) Independence from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium) (Belgium) Belgium   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_the_Congo) (International Association of the Congo) Colonised by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium) (Leopold II of Belgium) Leopold II of Belgium   17 November 1879  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State) (Congo Free State) Congo Free State   1 July 1885  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo) (Belgian Congo) Belgian Congo   15 November 1908  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis) (Congo Crisis) Independence from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium) (Belgium) Belgium   30 June 1960[ 2]      • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_142) (United Nations Security Council Resolution 142) Admitted to the United Nations   20 September 1960  • Democratic Republic   1 August 1964  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire) (Zaire) Republic of Zaire   27 October 1971  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congo_War) (First Congo War) First Congo War   17 May 1997  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Current constitution   18 February 2006    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Geography of Democratic Republic of the Congo) Area    • Total  2,345,409 km2 (905,567 sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 11th )  • Water (%)  3.32  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Demographics of Democratic Republic of the Congo) Population   • 2026 estimate  (Neutral increase) (Neutral increase)    116,452,000[ 3]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 12th )  • Density  48/km2 (124.3/sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density) (List of countries and dependencies by population density) 168th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP )  2025 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $200.76 billion[ 4]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 79th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $1,881[ 4]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) 180th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (nominal)  2025 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $79.120	billion[ 4]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 83rd )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $742[ 4]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) 182nd )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (Gini coefficient) Gini  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2020)  (Negative increase) (Negative increase)     44.7[ 5]     medium inequality    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) HDI  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Increase) (Increase)     0.522[ 6]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  low   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) 171st )  Currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese_franc) (Congolese franc) Congolese franc ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217) (ISO 4217) CDF )  Time zone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC +1 to +2  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa_Time) (West Africa Time) WAT and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa_Time) (Central Africa Time) CAT )  Date format dd/mm/yyyy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Telephone numbers in Democratic Republic of the Congo) Calling code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Telephone numbers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) +243   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166) (ISO 3166) ISO 3166 code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CD) (ISO 3166-2:CD) CD   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) (Country code top-level domain) Internet TLD  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cd) (.cd) .cd     (./Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_flag_caption_or_type_parameters#TDemocratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo)  (./Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters#TDemocratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo)   The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC ),[ b]    also known as the DR Congo , Congo-Kinshasa , or simply the Congo ,[ c]    and formerly named Zaire (see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire) (Zaire) Zaire for more information),[ d]    is a country in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa) (Central Africa) Central Africa . By land area, it is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_area) (List of African countries by area) second-largest country in Africa [ 7]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) eleventh-largest in the world .[ 8]    With a population of about 124 million people, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population) (List of African countries by population) fourth-most populous country in Africa and the most populous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_French_is_an_official_language) (List of countries and territories where French is an official language) Francophone country in the world. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_French) (Belgian French) French is the official and most widely spoken language. There are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) over 200 indigenous languages , of which (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala) (Lingala) Lingala is the most widely spoken. The capital, largest city, and economic center is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa) (Kinshasa) Kinshasa . The DRC is bordered by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo) (Republic of the Congo) Republic of the Congo , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinda_Province) (Cabinda Province) Cabinda exclave of Angola , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Ocean) (South Atlantic Ocean) South Atlantic Ocean to the west; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan to the north; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda) (Uganda) Uganda , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda) (Rwanda) Rwanda , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi) (Burundi) Burundi , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania) (Tanzania) Tanzania (across (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika) (Lake Tanganyika) Lake Tanganyika ) to the east; and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia) (Zambia) Zambia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola) (Angola) Angola to the south. Centered on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Basin) (Congo Basin) Congo Basin , most of the DRC's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) terrain is covered by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolian_rainforests) (Congolian rainforests) dense rainforests and is crossed by many rivers. The east and southeast are mountainous. The territory of the Congo was first inhabited by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Pygmies) (African Pygmies) Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was settled in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_expansion) (Bantu expansion) Bantu expansion about 2,000 to 3,000 years ago.[ 9]    In the west, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo) (Kingdom of Kongo) Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_River) (Congo River) Congo River from the 14th to the 19th century. In the center and east, the empires of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwene_Muji) (Mwene Muji) Mwene Muji , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba) (Kingdom of Luba) Luba , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lunda) (Kingdom of Lunda) Lunda ruled between the 15th and 19th centuries. These kingdoms were broken up by Europeans during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Congo_Basin) (Colonization of the Congo Basin) colonization of the Congo Basin . King (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium) (Leopold II of Belgium) Leopold II of Belgium acquired rights to the Congo territory in 1885 and called it the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State) (Congo Free State) Congo Free State . In 1908, Leopold (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium#Relinquishment_of_the_Congo) (Leopold II of Belgium) ceded the territory after international pressure in response to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State) (Atrocities in the Congo Free State) widespread atrocities , and it became a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo) (Belgian Congo) Belgian colony . Congo achieved (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(Léopoldville)) (Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)) independence from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium) (Belgium) Belgium in 1960 and was immediately confronted by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis) (Congo Crisis) secessionist movements , the assassination of Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba) (Patrice Lumumba) Patrice Lumumba , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d'état) (1965 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état) seizure of power by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko) (Mobutu Sese Seko) Mobutu Sese Seko in 1965. Mobutu renamed the country (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire) (Zaire) Zaire in 1971 and imposed a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalist_dictatorship) (Personalist dictatorship) personalist dictatorship .[ 10]     Instability caused by an influx of refugees from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War) (Rwandan Civil War) Rwandan Civil War led to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congo_War) (First Congo War) First Congo War , from 1996 to 1997, which ended with Mobutu's overthrow.[ 11]    The country's name was changed, and it experienced the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Congo_War) (Second Congo War) Second Congo War from 1998 to 2003, which resulted in an estimated several million deaths and the assassination of President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent-Désiré_Kabila) (Laurent-Désiré Kabila) Laurent-Désiré Kabila .[ 12]    [ 13]    [ 14]    [ 15]    The war ended under President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kabila) (Joseph Kabila) Joseph Kabila , who restored relative stability.[ 16]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Human rights remained poor, and there were frequent abuses, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforced_disappearance) (Enforced disappearance) forced disappearances , torture, arbitrary imprisonment and restrictions on civil liberties.[ 17]    Kabila stepped down in 2019 after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Tshisekedi) (Félix Tshisekedi) Félix Tshisekedi won the contentious (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election) (2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election) 2018 election , marking the country's first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power) (Peaceful transition of power) peaceful transition of power since independence.[ 18]    Over (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_armed_groups_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (List of armed groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) 120 armed groups remain active, concentrated in the east.[ 19]    One of the region's largest cities, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma) (Goma) Goma , was occupied by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23_Movement) (March 23 Movement) M23 rebels (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23_rebellion_(2012–2013)) (M23 rebellion (2012–2013)) in 2012 and again (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Goma_offensive) (2025 Goma offensive) since 2025 . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23_campaign_(2022–present)) (M23 campaign (2022–present)) M23 uprising escalated in 2025 with military support from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda) (Rwanda) Rwanda , which has caused a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo–Rwanda_conflict_(2022–present)) (Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda conflict (2022–present)) conflict between the two countries .[ 20]    [ 21]    [ 22]     Despite being rich in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource) (Natural resource) natural resources , the DRC is one of the world's poorest and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_developed_countries) (Least developed countries) least developed countries , having suffered from political instability, lack of infrastructure, rampant corruption, and centuries of commercial and colonial extraction and exploitation.[ 23]    [ 24]    [ 25]    The nation is a prominent example of the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_curse) (Resource curse) resource curse ".[ 26]    Aside from Kinshasa, the next largest cities, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubumbashi) (Lubumbashi) Lubumbashi and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuji-Mayi) (Mbuji-Mayi) Mbuji-Mayi , are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_community) (Mining community) mining communities . DRC's main exports are raw (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral) (Mineral) minerals and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal) (Metal) metal , which accounted for 80% of exports in 2023, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China being its largest trade partner.[ 27]    [ 28]    The DRC's level of human development was ranked 171 out of 193 countries by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) Human Development Index in 2023.[ 6]    As of 2022 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , following two decades of civil wars and internal conflicts , around one million Congolese refugees were still living in neighbouring countries.[ 29]    Two million children are at risk of starvation, and the fighting has displaced 7 million people.[ 30]    [ 31]    The DRC is a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) Non-Aligned Movement , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMESA) (COMESA) COMESA , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community) (Southern African Development Community) Southern African Development Community , (French-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie) (Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie   (./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States) (Economic Community of Central African States) Economic Community of Central African States .   Etymology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_River) (Congo River) Congo River and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_people) (Kongo people) Kongo people  The Democratic Republic of the Congo is named after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_River) (Congo River) Congo River , which flows through the country. The Congo River is the world's deepest river and the world's third-largest river (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_discharge) (List of rivers by discharge) by discharge . The Comité d'études du haut Congo ("Committee for the Study of the Upper Congo"), established by King (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium) (Leopold II of Belgium) Leopold II of Belgium in 1876, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_the_Congo) (International Association of the Congo) International Association of the Congo , established by him in 1879, were also named after the river.[ 32]     The Congo River was named by early European sailors after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo) (Kingdom of Kongo) Kingdom of Kongo and its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_peoples) (Bantu peoples) Bantu inhabitants, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_people) (Kongo people) Kongo people , when they encountered them in the 16th century.[ 33]    [ 34]    The word Kongo comes from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_language) (Kongo language) Kongo language , also called Kikongo . According to American writer Samuel Henry Nelson: "It is probable that the word 'Kongo' itself implies a public gathering and that it is based on the root konga , 'to gather' (trans[itive])."[ 35]    The modern name of the Kongo people, Bakongo , was introduced in the early 20th century.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)) citation needed   ]   The Democratic Republic of the Congo has been known in the past as, in chronological order, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State) (Congo Free State) Congo Free State , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo) (Belgian Congo) Belgian Congo , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(Léopoldville)) (Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)) Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville , the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Zaire) (Republic of Zaire) Republic of Zaire , before returning to its current name, the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[ 2]     At the time of independence, the country was named the Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville to distinguish it from its neighbour the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo) (Republic of the Congo) Republic of the Congo . With the promulgation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luluabourg_Constitution) (Luluabourg Constitution) Luluabourg Constitution in August 1964, the country became the DRC. It was renamed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire) (Zaire) Zaire , a past name for the Congo River, in October 1971 by President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko) (Mobutu Sese Seko) Mobutu Sese Seko as part of his (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticité_(Zaire)) (Authenticité (Zaire)) Authenticité  initiative.[ 36]     The word Zaire is from a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language) (Portuguese language) Portuguese adaptation of a Kikongo word nzadi ("river"), a truncation of nzadi o nzere ("river swallowing rivers").[ 37]    [ 38]    [ 39]    The river was known as Zaire during the 16th and 17th centuries. Congo seems to have replaced Zaire gradually in English usage during the 18th century. Congo is the preferred English name in 19th-century literature, although references to Zaire as the name used by the natives (i.e., derived from Portuguese usage) remained common.[ 40]     In 1992, the Sovereign National Conference voted to change the name of the country to the "Democratic Republic of the Congo", but the change was not made.[ 41]    The country's name was later restored by President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent-Désiré_Kabila) (Laurent-Désiré Kabila) Laurent-Désiré Kabila when he overthrew Mobutu in 1997.[ 42]    To distinguish it from the neighboring Republic of the Congo, it is sometimes referred to as Congo (Kinshasa) or Congo-Kinshasa .[ 43]    Its name is sometimes also abbreviated as Congo DR , DR Congo ,[ 44]    DRC ,[ 45]    the DROC ,[ 46]    and RDC (in French).[ 45]      History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  Early history  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Congolese_history) (Early Congolese history) Early Congolese history  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_Central_Africa_1350CE.png)   States of the western Congo Basin, c. 1350  The area of the present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo was inhabited as early as 90,000 years ago, and later underwent major demographic and technological change with the expansion of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_peoples) (Bantu peoples) Bantu peoples during the first millennium BC.[ 47]    (Page / location: 17–18) :  17–18   From this process emerged organised states and empires, including early federated states around Pool Malebo and later the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo) (Kingdom of Kongo) Kingdom of Kongo ,[ 48]    as well many others such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luba_Empire) (Luba Empire) Luba and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunda_Empire) (Lunda Empire) Lunda Empires .(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2026)) citation needed   ]     Congo Free State (1877–1908)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State) (Congo Free State) Congo Free State  From the 1870s to 1908, King (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium) (Leopold II of Belgium) Leopold II of Belgium established and ruled the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State) (Congo Free State) Congo Free State as his personal possession, using forced labour and concessionary companies to extract rubber, while violence, disease, and exploitation caused catastrophic population loss.[ 49]    [ 50]    [ 51]    [ 11]    International exposure of the abuses, notably through the 1904 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casement_Report) (Casement Report) Casement Report and growing diplomatic pressure, led to Leopold's loss of control and the annexation of the territory as the Belgian Congo in 1908.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2026)) citation needed   ]     Belgian Congo (1908–1960)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo) (Belgian Congo) Belgian Congo  The Belgian Congo was governed directly from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels) (Brussels) Brussels , and although this change in administration ended the most extreme abuses of the Congo Free State, Belgian rule largely continued earlier patterns of direct control, racial segregation, forced labour, and repression, while prioritising economic exploitation through close cooperation between the state, missionaries, and private companies. After (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II , urbanisation, development programmes, and limited social improvements fostered a small African middle class, but political exclusion persisted, contributing to the rise of nationalist movements and escalating demands for independence in the late 1950s.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2026)) citation needed   ]     Independence and political crisis (1960–1965)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis) (Congo Crisis) Congo Crisis and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(Léopoldville)) (Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)) Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Kasa-Vubu_in_Israel.png)   The leader of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABAKO) (ABAKO) ABAKO , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu) (Joseph Kasa-Vubu) Joseph Kasa-Vubu , the first democratically elected (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) president of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(Léopoldville)) (Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)) Congo-Léopoldville   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patrice_Lumumba_official_portrait.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba) (Patrice Lumumba) Patrice Lumumba , the first democratically elected (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) prime minister of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(Léopoldville)) (Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)) Congo-Léopoldville , was murdered by Belgian-supported (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Katanga) (State of Katanga) Katangan separatists in 1961.  In May 1960, a growing nationalist movement, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese_National_Movement) (Congolese National Movement) Congolese National Movement led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba) (Patrice Lumumba) Patrice Lumumba , won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Belgian_Congo_general_election) (1960 Belgian Congo general election) parliamentary elections . Lumumba became the first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) prime minister of the Republic of the Congo , on 24 June 1960. The parliament elected (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu) (Joseph Kasa-Vubu) Joseph Kasa-Vubu of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABAKO) (ABAKO) ABAKO party as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) president . Other parties that emerged included the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Solidaire_Africain) (Parti Solidaire Africain) African Solidarity Party led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Gizenga) (Antoine Gizenga) Antoine Gizenga , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_of_the_People?action=edit&redlink=1) (National Party of the People (page does not exist)) National Party of the People led by Albert Delvaux and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Mbariko) (Laurent Mbariko) Laurent Mbariko .[ 52]     The Belgian Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960 under the name "Republic of the Congo". Shortly after independence the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_Publique) (Force Publique) Force Publique  mutinied, and on 11 July the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanga_Province) (Katanga Province) province of Katanga , led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moïse_Tshombe) (Moïse Tshombe) Moïse Tshombe , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kasai) (South Kasai) South Kasai engaged in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis) (Congo Crisis) secessionist uprisings against the new leadership.[ 53]    [ 54]    Most of the 100,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Europeans who had remained behind after independence fled the country.[ 55]    After the United Nations rejected Lumumba's call for help to put down the secessionist movements, Lumumba asked for assistance from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) (Soviet Union) Soviet Union , who accepted and sent military supplies and advisers. On 23 August, the Congolese armed forces (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Kasai) (Invasion of South Kasai) invaded South Kasai .[ 56]     Lumumba was dismissed from office on 5 September 1960 by Kasa-Vubu, who publicly blamed him for massacres by the armed forces in South Kasai and for involving Soviets in the country.[ 56]    On 7 September, Lumumba made a speech to the Congolese House of Representatives, arguing his dismissal was illegal under the nation's laws. Congolese law gave parliament, not the president, the authority to dismiss a government minister. The House and Senate both rejected the dismissal of Lumumba, but the removal proceeded unconstitutionally.[ 57]     On 14 September, Colonel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko) (Mobutu Sese Seko) Joseph Mobutu , with the backing of the US and Belgium, removed Lumumba from office. On 17 January 1961, Lumumba was handed over to Katangan authorities and executed by Belgian-led Katangan troops.[ 58]    A 2001 investigation by Belgium's Parliament found Belgium "morally responsible" for the murder of Lumumba, and the country has since officially apologised for its role in his death.[ 59]     Amidst widespread confusion and chaos, a temporary government was created led by educated technocrats, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Commissioners-General) (College of Commissioners-General) College of Commissioners-General . Katangan secession ended in January 1963 with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo) (United Nations Operation in the Congo) assistance of UN forces . Several short-lived governments took over in quick succession, led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Iléo) (Joseph Iléo) Joseph Ileo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrille_Adoula) (Cyrille Adoula) Cyrille Adoula , and then Tshombe.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2026)) citation needed   ]   Meanwhile, in the east of the country, Soviet and Cuban-backed rebels called the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simba_rebellion) (Simba rebellion) Simbas rose up, taking a significant amount of territory and proclaiming a communist "People's Republic of the Congo" in Stanleyville. The Simbas were pushed out of Stanleyville in November 1964 during (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragon_Rouge) (Operation Dragon Rouge) Operation Dragon Rouge , a military operation conducted by Belgian and U.S. forces to rescue hundreds of hostages. Congolese government forces fully defeated the Simba rebels by November 1965.[ 60]     Lumumba had previously appointed Mobutu chief of staff of the new (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Congolese National Army .[ 61]    Taking advantage of the leadership crisis between Kasavubu and Tshombe, Mobutu garnered enough support within the army to launch a coup. A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Republic_of_the_Congo_(Léopoldville)_constitutional_referendum) (1964 Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) constitutional referendum) constitutional referendum the year before (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mobutu_coup_d'état) (Second Mobutu coup d'état) Mobutu's coup of 1965 resulted in the country's official name being changed to the "Democratic Republic of the Congo".[ 2]    In 1971 Mobutu would change the name of the country again, this time to "Republic of Zaire".[ 36]    [ 62]       Mobutu autocracy and Zaire (1965–1997)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire) (Zaire) Zaire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobutu_Nixon.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko) (Mobutu Sese Seko) Mobutu Sese Seko and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon) (Richard Nixon) Richard Nixon in Washington, D.C., 1973  Mobutu had the staunch support of the United States because of his (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism) (Anti-communism) opposition to communism ; the U.S. believed that his administration would serve as an effective counter to communist movements in Africa.[ 63]    A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state) (One-party state) one-party system was established, and Mobutu declared himself (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (List of heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) head of state . He periodically held elections in which he was the only candidate. Although relative peace and stability were achieved, Mobutu's government was marked by severe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights) (Human rights) human rights violations,[ 64]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_repression) (Political repression) political repression ,[ 65]    a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_personality) (Cult of personality) cult of personality ,[ 65]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) corruption .[ 66]     By late 1967, Mobutu had successfully neutralized his political opponents and rivals, either through co-opting them into his regime, arresting them, or rendering them otherwise politically impotent.[ 67]    Throughout the late 1960s, Mobutu continued to shuffle his governments and cycle officials in and out of the office to maintain control. Joseph Kasa-Vubu's death in April 1969 ensured that no person with credentials from the First Republic could challenge his rule.[ 68]    By the early 1970s, Mobutu was attempting to assert Zaire as a leading African nation. He traveled frequently across the continent while the government became more vocal about African issues, particularly those relating to the southern region. Zaire established semi-clientelist relationships with several smaller African states, especially (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi) (Burundi) Burundi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad) Chad , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo) (Togo) Togo .[ 69]     Corruption became so common the term "(French-language text) le mal Zairois  (./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  ", meaning "Zairian sickness",[ 70]    meaning gross corruption, theft and mismanagement, was coined, reportedly by Mobutu.[ 71]    Mobutu accumulated a large personal fortune through the diversion of state funds, foreign aid and revenue from natural resources, while Zaire remained impoverished and heavily indebted.[ 72]    Zaire became a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptocracy) (Kleptocracy) kleptocracy .[ 73]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Bernhard_and_Mobutu_Sese_Seko_1973.jpg)   Mobutu with the Dutch (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_of_Lippe-Biesterfeld) (Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld) Prince Bernhard in Kinshasa in 1973  In a campaign to identify himself with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_nationalism) (African nationalism) African nationalism , starting on 1 June 1966, Mobutu renamed the nation's cities: Léopoldville became Kinshasa (the country was known as Congo-Léopoldville), Stanleyville became (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisangani) (Kisangani) Kisangani , Elisabethville became (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubumbashi) (Lubumbashi) Lubumbashi , and Coquilhatville became (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbandaka) (Mbandaka) Mbandaka . In 1971, Mobutu renamed the country the "Republic of Zaire",[ 36]    [ 62]    its fourth name change in eleven years and its sixth overall. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_River) (Congo River) Congo River was renamed the Zaire River.[ 74]     In the 1970s and 1980s, Mobutu was invited to visit the U.S. on several occasions, meeting with U.S. presidents (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon) (Richard Nixon) Richard Nixon , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan) (Ronald Reagan) Ronald Reagan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush) (George H. W. Bush) George H. W. Bush .[ 75]    Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union) (Dissolution of the Soviet Union) dissolution of the Soviet Union , U.S. relations with Mobutu cooled, as he was no longer deemed necessary as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War) (Cold War) Cold War ally. Opponents within Zaire stepped up demands for reform. This atmosphere contributed to Mobutu's declaring the Third Republic in 1990, whose constitution was supposed to pave the way for democratic reform. The reforms turned out to be largely cosmetic. Mobutu continued his rule until the armed forces forced him to flee into exile in 1997. From 1990 to 1993, the United States supported Mobutu's efforts to obstruct political transition, and later also backed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent-Désiré_Kabila) (Laurent-Désiré Kabila) Laurent-Désiré Kabila 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congo_War) (First Congo War) rebellion , which brought down Mobutu's regime."[ 76]     In September 1997, Mobutu died in exile in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) (Morocco) Morocco .[ 77]       Continental and civil wars (1996–2007)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congo_War) (First Congo War) First Congo War and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Congo_War) (Second Congo War) Second Congo War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.png)   Belligerents of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Congo_War) (Second Congo War) Second Congo War , also known as Africa's World War.[ 78]      By 1996, following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War) (Rwandan Civil War) Rwandan Civil War and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_genocide) (Rwandan genocide) genocide , and the ascension of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi) (Tutsi) Tutsi -led government in Rwanda, Rwandan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutu) (Hutu) Hutu militia forces ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interahamwe) (Interahamwe) Interahamwe ) fled to eastern Zaire and used refugee camps as bases for incursions against Rwanda. They allied with the Zairian Armed Forces to launch a campaign against Congolese ethnic Tutsis in eastern Zaire.[ 79]     A coalition of Rwandan and Ugandan armies invaded Zaire to overthrow the government of Mobutu, launching the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congo_War) (First Congo War) First Congo War . The coalition allied with some opposition figures, led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent-Désiré_Kabila) (Laurent-Désiré Kabila) Laurent-Désiré Kabila , becoming the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Congo) (Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of the Congo) Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of the Congo . In 1997 Mobutu fled the country and Kabila marched into Kinshasa, naming himself president and reverting the name of the country to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[ 80]    [ 81]     Kabila later requested that foreign military forces return to their own countries. Rwandan troops retreated to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma) (Goma) Goma and launched a new Tutsi-led rebel military movement called the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy) (Rally for Congolese Democracy) Rally for Congolese Democracy to fight Kabila, while Uganda instigated the creation of a rebel movement called the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Congo) (Movement for the Liberation of the Congo) Movement for the Liberation of the Congo , led by Congolese warlord (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba) (Jean-Pierre Bemba) Jean-Pierre Bemba . The two rebel movements, along with Rwandan and Ugandan troops, started the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Congo_War) (Second Congo War) Second Congo War by attacking the Congolese army in 1998. Angolan, Zimbabwean, and Namibian troops entered the war on the side of the Congolese government.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2026)) citation needed   ]   Kabila was assassinated in 2001.[ 82]    His son (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kabila) (Joseph Kabila) Joseph Kabila succeeded him[ 83]    and called for multilateral peace talks. UN peacekeepers, then known as MONUC and now known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONUSCO) (MONUSCO) MONUSCO , arrived in April 2001. From 2002 to 2003, Bemba intervened in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic on behalf of its then president, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ange-Félix_Patassé) (Ange-Félix Patassé) Ange-Félix Patassé .[ 84]    Talks led to a peace accord under which Kabila would share power with former rebels, implemented between 2002 and 2003.[ 16]    The most widely reported estimate for the death toll during the Second Congo War is 5.4 million people, though other estimates put it at 3 million. It has been described as the deadliest conflict since (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II .[ 16]    [ 85]     By June 2003 all foreign armies except those of Rwanda had pulled out of the Congo. A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) transitional government was set up until an election was held. A constitution was approved by voters; further, on 30 July 2006, DRC held its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election) (2006 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election) first multi-party elections . These were the first free national elections since 1960, which many believed would mark the end to violence in the region.[ 86]    However, an election-result dispute between Kabila and Bemba turned into a skirmish between their supporters in Kinshasa. MONUC took control of the city. The second round of the election took place in October 2006, which Kabila won, and in December 2006 he was sworn in as president. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Refugees_in_Congo.jpeg)   Refugees in the Congo    Continued conflicts (2008–2018)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivu_conflict) (Kivu conflict) Kivu conflict , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituri_conflict) (Ituri conflict) Ituri conflict , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Yumbi_violence) (2018 Yumbi violence) 2018 Yumbi violence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_(6988913212).jpg)   People fleeing their villages due to fighting between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) FARDC and rebel groups, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kivu) (North Kivu) North Kivu , 2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FARDC_and_MONUSCO_reinforce_their_presence_in_and_around_Goma_following_a_second_day_(21_May_2013)_of_clashes_between_M23_and_National_troops._(8782972992).jpg)   Government troops near (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma) (Goma) Goma during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23_rebellion_(2012–2013)) (M23 rebellion (2012–2013)) M23 rebellion in May 2013  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda) (Laurent Nkunda) Laurent Nkunda , a member of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy–Goma) (Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma) Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma , defected along with troops loyal to him and formed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_for_the_Defence_of_the_People) (National Congress for the Defence of the People) National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP), which began an armed rebellion against the government. In March 2009, after a deal between the DRC and Rwanda, Rwandan troops entered the DRC and arrested Nkunda and were allowed to pursue FDLR militants. The CNDP signed a peace treaty with the government in which it agreed to become a political party and to have its soldiers integrated into the national army in exchange for the release of its imprisoned members.[ 87]    In 2012 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosco_Ntaganda) (Bosco Ntaganda) Bosco Ntaganda , the leader of the CNDP, and troops loyal to him, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23_rebellion_(2012–2013)) (M23 rebellion (2012–2013)) mutinied [ 88]    and briefly captured the provincial capital of Goma in November 2012.[ 89]    [ 90]     Neighboring countries have been accused of arming rebel groups and using them as proxies to gain control of the resource-rich country.[ 91]    [ 92]    In March 2013, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council) (United Nations Security Council) United Nations Security Council authorized the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Force_Intervention_Brigade) (United Nations Force Intervention Brigade) United Nations Force Intervention Brigade to neutralize armed groups.[ 93]    In 2013, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai-Mai) (Mai-Mai) Mai-Mai created by Laurent Kabila briefly invaded the provincial capital of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubumbashi) (Lubumbashi) Lubumbashi and 400,000 people are displaced in the province as of 2013 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2013)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  .[ 94]    On and off fighting in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituri_conflict) (Ituri conflict) Ituri conflict occurred between the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_and_Integrationist_Front) (Nationalist and Integrationist Front) Nationalist and Integrationist Front and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Congolese_Patriots) (Union of Congolese Patriots) Union of Congolese Patriots . In the northeast, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kony) (Joseph Kony) Joseph Kony 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord's_Resistance_Army) (Lord's Resistance Army) Lord's Resistance Army moved from their original bases in Uganda and South Sudan to DR Congo in 2005 and set up camps in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garamba_National_Park) (Garamba National Park) Garamba National Park .[ 95]    [ 96]     In 2015, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_January_2015_DRC_protests) (19 January 2015 DRC protests) major protests broke out across the country and protesters demanded that Kabila step down as president.[ 97]    On 27 November 2016 Congolese foreign minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Tshibanda) (Raymond Tshibanda) Raymond Tshibanda told the press no elections would be held in 2016: "it has been decided that the voter registration operation will end on July 31, 2017, and that election will take place in April 2018".[ 98]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2016_Congolese_protests) (December 2016 Congolese protests) Protests broke out in the country on 20 December when Kabila's term in office ended. Across the country, dozens of protesters were killed and hundreds were arrested. Human Rights Watch said in 2017 that Kabila recruited former 23 March Movement fighters to put down country-wide protests over his refusal to step down from office at the end of his term. "M23 fighters patrolled the streets of the Congo's main cities, firing on or arresting protesters or anyone else deemed to be a threat to the president", they said.[ 99]    Fierce fighting has erupted in Masisi between government forces and a powerful local warlord, General Delta. The United Nations mission in the DRC is its largest and most expensive peacekeeping effort, but it shut down five UN bases near Masisi in 2017, after the U.S. led a push to cut costs.[ 100]       2018 election and Tshisekedi presidency (2018–present)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23_campaign_(2022–present)) (M23 campaign (2022–present)) M23 campaign (2022–present)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Félix_Tshisekedi_&_Denis_Sassou-Nguesso.jpg)   President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Tshisekedi) (Félix Tshisekedi) Félix Tshisekedi with the president of neighbouring (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo) (Republic of the Congo) Republic of the Congo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso) (Denis Sassou Nguesso) Denis Sassou Nguesso in 2020; both wear (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic) (Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic) face masks due to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) (COVID-19 pandemic) COVID-19 pandemic .  On 30 December 2018, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election) (2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election) general election was held. The election was originally scheduled for 23 December, but was postponed after a warehouse fire destroyed several electronic voting machines, prompting concerns about potential tampering.[ 101]    Polling eventually opened on 30 December across most of the country, though voting remained suspended in certain areas—a measure officials said was intended to protect residents from an ongoing Ebola outbreak in eastern provinces.[ 102]     After polls closed, the government imposed an internet blackout in some regions, announcing that service would be restored following the release of results, which had been slated for 6 January.[ 102]     On 10 January 2019, the electoral commission announced opposition candidate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Tshisekedi) (Félix Tshisekedi) Félix Tshisekedi as the winner of the presidential vote,[ 103]    and he was officially sworn in as president on 24 January.[ 104]    However, there were widespread suspicions that the results were rigged and that a deal had been made between Tshisekedi and Kabila,[ 105]    as professional election polls carried out on election day found that Martin Fayulu, the leading opposition candidate, was expected to take 47% of the vote, compared to 23% for Felix Tshisekedi and 19% for Emmanuel Shadary, Kabila's hand-picked successor.[ 102]    [ 106]     In August 2019, six months after the inauguration of Félix Tshisekedi, a coalition government was announced.[ 107]    Tshisekedi succeeded in strengthening his hold on power, gaining the support of almost 400 out of 500 members of the National Assembly, the pro-Kabila speakers of both houses of parliament being forced out. In April 2021, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukonde_cabinet) (Lukonde cabinet) new government was formed without the supporters of Kabila.[ 108]     A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019–2020_measles_outbreak_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (2019–2020 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) major measles outbreak in the country left nearly 5,000 dead in 2019.[ 109]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Équateur_province_Ebola_outbreak) (2018 Équateur province Ebola outbreak) Ebola outbreak ended in June 2020, after causing 2,280 deaths over two years.[ 110]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) (COVID-19 pandemic) COVID-19 pandemic also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) reached the DRC in March 2020, with a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (COVID-19 vaccination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) vaccination campaign beginning on 19 April 2021.[ 111]    [ 112]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Italy_to_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (List of ambassadors of Italy to the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Italian ambassador to the DRC, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Attanasio) (Luca Attanasio) Luca Attanasio , and his bodyguard were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Luca_Attanasio) (Killing of Luca Attanasio) killed in North Kivu on 22 February 2021 .[ 113]    On 22 April 2021, meetings between Kenyan President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta) (Uhuru Kenyatta) Uhuru Kenyatta and Tshisekedi resulted in new agreements increasing international trade and security (counterterrorism, immigration, cyber security, and customs) between the two countries.[ 114]    In February 2022, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d'état_allegations) (2022 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état allegations) allegations of a coup d'état in the country led to uncertainty,[ 115]    but the coup attempt failed.[ 116]    In December 2023, President Felix Tshisekedi won (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election) (2023 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election) reelection with more than 70% of the vote.[ 117]     The M23 Movement had a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23_campaign_(2022–present)) (M23 campaign (2022–present)) resurgence in 2022 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo–Rwanda_conflict_(2022–present)) (Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda conflict (2022–present)) received military assistance from Rwanda , which accused the Congolese government of supporting the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda) (Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda) FDLR Hutu militia. In early 2025, the conflict escalated with the M23 capture of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Goma_offensive) (2025 Goma offensive) Goma and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Bukavu_offensive) (2025 Bukavu offensive) Bukavu , involving thousands of Rwandan troops. Peace negotiations between Rwanda and the DRC brokered by the United States took place in the spring of 2025, and culminated in the signing of a peace deal on 27 June 2025. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo–Rwanda_peace_agreement) (2025 Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda peace agreement) peace agreement calls for the withdrawal of Rwandan troops from eastern Congo within 90 days and the end of the DRC's support for the FDLR, along with the creation of a regional economic integration framework for the two countries.[ 118]     Despite the treaty, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Office) (United Nations Human Rights Office) United Nations Humans Rights Office (UNHRO) found that hostilities in the provinces where Goma and Bukavu are located, increased during the period from January to July 2025. UNHRO found that M23, along with the occupying (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Defence_Force) (Rwandan Defence Force) Rwandan Defense Force (RDF) soldiers allegedly massacred hundreds of civilians in four villages within (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutshuru) (Rutshuru) Rutshuru , a region within (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kivu) (North Kivu) North Kivu province.[ 119]    In July 2025, a Declaration of Principles was signed in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha) (Doha) Doha as a first agreement on shared objectives for a ceasefire, and to limit future violence in the conflict.[ 120]    In October 2025, former president Joseph Kabila was sentenced to death in absentia for alleged collaboration with the rebel group M23.[ 121]       Geography  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Geology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Geology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cg-map.png)   A map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_COD_present.svg)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köppen_climate_classification) (Köppen climate classification) Köppen climate classification map of the DRC  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bukavu,_PE_Lumumba.jpeg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukavu) (Bukavu) Bukavu , the capital of South Kivu province  The DRC is located in central (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa) (Sub-Saharan Africa) sub-Saharan Africa , bordered to the northwest by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo) (Republic of the Congo) Republic of the Congo , to the north by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic , to the northeast by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan , to the east by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda) (Uganda) Uganda , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda) (Rwanda) Rwanda and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi) (Burundi) Burundi , and by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania) (Tanzania) Tanzania (across Lake Tanganyika), to the south and southeast by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia) (Zambia) Zambia , to the southwest by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola) (Angola) Angola , and to the west by the South Atlantic Ocean and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinda_Province) (Cabinda Province) Cabinda exclave of Angola . The DRC lies between latitudes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_parallel_north) (6th parallel north) 6°N and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_parallel_south) (14th parallel south) 14°S , and longitudes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_meridian_east) (12th meridian east) 12°E and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_meridian_east) (32nd meridian east) 32°E . It straddles the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator) (Equator) Equator , with one-third to the north and two-thirds to the south. With an area of 2,345,408 square kilometres (905,567  sq  mi) , it is the second-largest country in Africa by area, after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria .(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2026)) citation needed   ]   As a result of its equatorial location, the DRC has high precipitation and has the highest frequency of thunderstorms in the world. The annual rainfall can total upwards of 2,000 millimetres (80  in) in some places. The DRC sustains the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolian_rainforests) (Congolian rainforests) Congo rainforest , the second-largest rainforest in the world after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_rainforest) (Amazon rainforest) Amazon rainforest . This massive expanse of lush jungle covers most of the vast, low-lying central (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin) (Drainage basin) basin of the river, which slopes toward the Atlantic Ocean in the west. This area is surrounded by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau) (Plateau) plateaus merging into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna) (Savanna) savannas in the south and southwest, by mountainous terraces in the west, and dense (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland) (Grassland) grasslands extending beyond the Congo River in the north. The glaciated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwenzori_Mountains) (Rwenzori Mountains) Rwenzori Mountains are found in the extreme eastern region.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2026)) citation needed   ]   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_climate) (Tropical climate) tropical climate produced the Congo River system which dominates the region topographically along with the rainforest it flows through. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Basin) (Congo Basin) Congo Basin occupies nearly the entire country and an area of nearly 1,000,000  km 2 (390,000  sq  mi) . The river and its tributaries form the backbone of Congolese economics and transportation. Major tributaries include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasai_River) (Kasai River) Kasai , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangha_River) (Sangha River) Sangha , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubangi_River) (Ubangi River) Ubangi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruzizi_River) (Ruzizi River) Ruzizi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruwimi_River) (Aruwimi River) Aruwimi , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulonga_River) (Lulonga River) Lulonga .(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2026)) citation needed   ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dem_congo_sat.jpg)   A satellite image of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  The Congo River has the second-largest flow and the second-largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin) (Drainage basin) watershed of any river in the world, behind the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_River) (Amazon River) Amazon in both respects. The sources of the Congo River are in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_Rift) (Albertine Rift) Albertine Rift Mountains that flank the western branch of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Rift) (East African Rift) East African Rift , as well as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika) (Lake Tanganyika) Lake Tanganyika and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mweru) (Lake Mweru) Lake Mweru . The river flows generally west from Kisangani just below (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyoma_Falls) (Boyoma Falls) Boyoma Falls , then gradually bends southwest, passing by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbandaka) (Mbandaka) Mbandaka , joining with the Ubangi River, and running into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool_Malebo) (Pool Malebo) Pool Malebo (Stanley Pool). Kinshasa and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville) (Brazzaville) Brazzaville are on opposite sides of the river at the Pool. Then the river narrows and falls through a number of cataracts in deep canyons, collectively known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone_Falls) (Livingstone Falls) Livingstone Falls , and runs past (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boma,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo) Boma into the Atlantic Ocean. The river and a 37-kilometre-wide (23  mi) strip of coastline on its north bank provide the country's only outlet to the Atlantic.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2026)) citation needed   ]   The Albertine Rift plays a key role in shaping the Congo's geography. The northeastern section of the country much more mountainous. Tectonic movement results in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism) (Volcanism) volcanic activity, occasionally with loss of life. The geologic activity in this area created the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Great_Lakes) (African Great Lakes) African Great Lakes , four of which lie on the Congo's eastern frontier: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Albert_(Africa)) (Lake Albert (Africa)) Lake Albert , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Kivu) (Lake Kivu) Lake Kivu , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Edward) (Lake Edward) Lake Edward , and Lake Tanganyika.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2026)) citation needed   ]   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_valley) (Rift valley) rift valley has exposed an enormous amount of mineral wealth throughout the south and east of the Congo, making it accessible to mining. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt) (Cobalt) Cobalt , copper, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium) (Cadmium) cadmium , industrial and gem-quality (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamonds) (Diamonds) diamonds , gold, silver, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc) (Zinc) zinc , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese) (Manganese) manganese , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin) (Tin) tin , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium) (Germanium) germanium , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium) (Uranium) uranium , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium) (Radium) radium , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite) (Bauxite) bauxite , iron ore, and coal are all found in plentiful supply, especially in the Congo's southeastern Katanga region.[ 122]    The gold production in 2015 was 37 metric tonnes.[ 123]     On 17 January 2002, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nyiragongo) (Mount Nyiragongo) Mount Nyiragongo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruption) (Volcanic eruption) erupted , with three streams of extremely fluid (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma) (Magma) lava running out at 64  km/h (40  mph) and 46  m (50  yd) wide. One of the three streams flowed directly through Goma, killing 45 people and leaving 120,000 homeless. Over 400,000 people were evacuated from the city during the eruption. The lava flowed into and poisoned the water of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Kivu) (Lake Kivu) Lake Kivu killing its plants, animals and fish. Only two planes left the local airport because of the possibility of the explosion of stored petrol. The lava flowed through and past the airport, destroying a runway and trapping several parked airplanes. Six months after the event, nearby (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyamuragira) (Nyamuragira) Mount Nyamuragira also erupted. The mountain erupted again in 2006, and in January 2010.[ 124]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rainforest_-_Ituri_(20874628148).jpg) (Ituri Rainforest) (Ituri Rainforest)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituri_Rainforest) (Ituri Rainforest) Ituri Rainforest   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nord-Kivu,_RD_Congo_-_Vue_sur_un_cratère_aux_abords_de_la_ville_de_Goma._(22722760943).jpg) (Lake Kivu in North Kivu province) (Lake Kivu in North Kivu province)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Kivu) (Lake Kivu) Lake Kivu in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kivu) (North Kivu) North Kivu province   Climate change  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   This section is an excerpt from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Climate_change) (Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo § Climate change .[ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit) edit ]   As of 2023, the DRC is the 18th highest emitting nation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas) (Greenhouse gas) greenhouse gases and the highest emitter on the African continent.[ 125]    The majority of these emissions arise from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use) (Land use) land use change and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation) (Deforestation) deforestation , as the country uses little (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel) (Fossil fuel) fossil fuel and only one-fifth of the population has access to electricity.[ 126]    [ 127]    The DRC is one of the most vulnerable nations to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change) (Climate change) climate change and the least prepared to deal with its impacts.[ 128]    Climate change in the DRC is predicted to cause more frequent and intense floods, droughts and exacerbated disease epidemics.[ 127]    Sectors vulnerable to climate change include agriculture, forestry and energy.[ 129]     (./Category:Articles_with_excerpts)     Biodiversity and conservation  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Congolais_pour_la_Conservation_de_la_Nature) (Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature) Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Environmental issues in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Environmental issues in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (List of ecoregions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) List of ecoregions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mountain_Gorilla_(Humba_family)_–_Virunga_National_Park_(29).jpg)   The endangered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_gorilla) (Mountain gorilla) mountain gorilla ; half of its population live in the DRC's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virunga_National_Park) (Virunga National Park) Virunga National Park , making the park a critical habitat for those animals.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okapi2.jpg)   Found in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolian_rainforests) (Congolian rainforests) Congolian rainforests , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okapi) (Okapi) okapi was unknown to science until 1901.  The rainforests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are the second-largest in the world, spanning 155 million hectares, and contain great (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity) (Biodiversity) biodiversity . There are over 10,000 animal species, including many rare and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism) (Endemism) endemic ones, such as the common (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee) (Chimpanzee) chimpanzee and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo) (Bonobo) bonobo , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_forest_elephant) (African forest elephant) African forest elephant , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_gorilla) (Mountain gorilla) mountain gorilla , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okapi) (Okapi) okapi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_buffalo) (Forest buffalo) forest buffalo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_leopard) (African leopard) leopard and, further south in the country, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_white_rhinoceros) (Southern white rhinoceros) southern white rhinoceros . Five of the country's national parks are listed as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site) (World Heritage Site) World Heritage Sites : the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garamba_National_Park) (Garamba National Park) Garumba , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahuzi-Biéga_National_Park) (Kahuzi-Biéga National Park) Kahuzi-Biega , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonga_National_Park) (Salonga National Park) Salonga and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virunga_National_Park) (Virunga National Park) Virunga National Parks , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okapi_Wildlife_Reserve) (Okapi Wildlife Reserve) Okapi Wildlife Reserve . the Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of 17 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadiverse_countries) (Megadiverse countries) Megadiverse countries and is the most biodiverse African country.[ 130]    [ 19]     Conservationists have particularly worried about (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate) (Primate) primates . The Congo is inhabited by several (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidae) (Hominidae) great ape species: the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ), the bonobo (Pan paniscus ), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_gorilla) (Eastern gorilla) eastern gorilla (Gorilla beringei ), and possibly a population of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_gorilla) (Western gorilla) western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla ).[ 131]    It is the only country in the world in which bonobos are found in the wild. Much concern has been raised about great ape extinction. Because of hunting and habitat destruction, the numbers of chimpanzee, bonobo and gorilla (each of whose populations once numbered in the millions) have now dwindled down to only about 200,000 gorillas, 100,000 chimpanzees and possibly only about 10,000 bonobos.[ 132]    [ 133]    The gorillas, chimpanzee, bonobo, and okapi are all classified as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_status) (Conservation status) endangered by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature) (International Union for Conservation of Nature) World Conservation Union . Major environmental issues in DRC include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation) (Deforestation) deforestation , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching) (Poaching) poaching , which threatens wildlife populations, water pollution and mining. From 2015 to 2019, the rate of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo doubled.[ 134]    In 2021, deforestation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolian_rainforests) (Congolian rainforests) Congolian rainforests increased by 5%.[ 135]    In 2023, the rate of deforestation in the DRC was the highest in Africa. The causes include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn_agriculture) (Slash-and-burn agriculture) slash-and-burn agriculture and illegal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging) (Logging) logging .[ 19]     In January 2025, the DRC government established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivu-Kinshasa_Green_Corridor) (Kivu-Kinshasa Green Corridor) Kivu-Kinshasa Green Corridor an initiative whose stated aim was to protect a large portion of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Basin) (Congo Basin) Congo Basin forest while supporting sustainable economic development.[ 136]    [ 137]       Government and politics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Félix_Tshisekedi_in_2021.jpg) (Félix Tshisekedi)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Tshisekedi) (Félix Tshisekedi) Félix Tshisekedi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) president since 2019  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Judith_Suminwa_Tuluka_2023.jpg) (Judith Suminwa)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Suminwa) (Judith Suminwa) Judith Suminwa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) prime minister since 2024     (./Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   The Democratic Republic of the Congo is, constitutionally, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state) (Unitary state) unitary [ 138]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic) (Semi-presidential republic) semi-presidential republic [ 139]    in which the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) president is the head of state,[ 140]    elected by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage) (Universal suffrage) universal suffrage to a term of five years.[ 141]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) prime minister is the head of government[ 142]    appointed by the president with the support of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) parliament .[ 143]    The prime minister and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Cabinet of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) cabinet , known as the government, are responsible to the legislature rather than to the president.[ 142]    The parliament is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral_legislature) (Bicameral legislature) bicameral legislature consisting of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Senate and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) National Assembly .[ 142]     Deputies of the National Assembly are directly elected for a term of five years.[ 144]    Senators are elected indirectly by provincial legislatures, also for a term of five years.[ 145]    The president is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief) (Commander-in-chief) commander-in-chief of the armed forces[ 146]    and appoints government and military officials.[ 147]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) constitution is the basis for an independent judiciary,[ 148]    consisting of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Constitutional Court of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Constitutional Court to evaluate the constitutionality of laws and to settle disputes regarding elections or the separation of powers;[ 149]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Court of Cassation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Court of Cassation as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_last_resort) (Court of last resort) court of last resort in the civil and military judicial system;[ 150]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)) (Council of State (Democratic Republic of the Congo)) Council of State as the highest administrative court.[ 151]     The DRC's political system is considered to be (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism) (Authoritarianism) authoritarian and scores low on rankings of democracy, political rights, and civil liberties. Despite the constitution providing for the separation of executive, legislative, and judicial powers, in practice the president and his associates have dominated the political system.[ 19]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House) (Freedom House) Freedom House rates the country as "not free" in 2025, citing endemic corruption, the manipulation of the political system, and human rights abuses, including by security forces.[ 152]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist_Democracy_Index) (The Economist Democracy Index) The Economist Democracy Index  described the DRC as an "authoritarian regime" in 2024, ranking it 156 out of the 167 countries that it evaluated.[ 153]     The DRC was ranked 163 out of 180 countries in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index) (Corruption Perceptions Index) Corruption Perceptions Index for 2024.[ 154]    Administrative institutions remain weak, especially in rural areas, undermining the ability of government to provide basic services to the population. The state has also struggled to extend its administration over the country's entire territory.[ 19]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile_States_Index) (Fragile States Index) Fragile States Index ranked the DRC the 5th most fragile country in the world, out of 179 countries, as of 2024.[ 155]     During the presidency of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kabila) (Joseph Kabila) Joseph Kabila from 2001 to 2019, the government was marked by corruption, a lack of transparency, and human rights violations.[ 19]    Kabila remained in office beyond his constitutional mandate, which ended in 2016, by delaying an election.[ 156]    After it was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election) (2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election) held in late 2018 , Kabila was succeeded by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Tshisekedi) (Félix Tshisekedi) Félix Tshisekedi in the DRC's first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power) (Peaceful transition of power) peaceful transition of power since independence.[ 19]    The election is widely seen as having been rigged in a deal made between Kabila and Tshisekedi.[ 156]    [ 157]    Tshisekedi was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election) (2023 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election) reelected in late 2023 , and after negotiations appointed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Suminwa) (Judith Suminwa) Judith Suminwa as prime minister in 2024, the first woman to hold the post.[ 158]     The current political system is known as the Third Republic, declared by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent-Désiré_Kabila) (Laurent-Désiré Kabila) Laurent-Désiré Kabila at his presidential inauguration in May 1997.[ 159]    Apart from changing the country's name from Zaire back to the DR Congo and restoring its previous symbols, Kabila's government made few changes from the dictatorship of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko) (Mobutu Sese Seko) Mobutu Sese Seko .[ 160]    After the Second Congo War (1998–2003), during which Laurent-Désiré Kabila was assassinated,[ 19]    a transitional constitution was adopted in April 2003[ 161]    as part of the peace process.[ 19]    It was replaced by the current constitution,[ 161]    the Constitution of the Third Republic, which went into effect in February 2006. The current (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) flag was also adopted.[ 162]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Transitional Government , led by Joseph Kabila, oversaw the creation of the current system: the first cabinet took office in June 2003, the two chambers of the parliament were organized in July 2003, a constitution was adopted by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_constitutional_referendum) (2005 Democratic Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum) referendum in December 2005, and the country's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election) (2006 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election) first free election in over four decades was held in July 2006.[ 163]    Since the process of democratization began in 1990, more than 600 registered political parties emerged in the DRC. Four of them—the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_Democracy_and_Social_Progress_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)) (Union for Democracy and Social Progress (Democratic Republic of the Congo)) UDPS , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Party_for_Reconstruction_and_Democracy) (People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy) PPRD , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_the_Congolese_Nation) (Union for the Congolese Nation) UNC , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Congo) (Movement for the Liberation of the Congo) MLC —successfully operate across the entire country.[ 19]     Administrative divisions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Administrative divisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Administrative divisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  The DRC is divided into the city-province of Kinshasa and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) 25 provinces .[ 164]    The provinces are subdivided into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) 145 territories and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Cities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) 33 cities .[ 165]    [ 166]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Provinces_de_la_République_démocratique_du_Congo_-_2005.svg)      1. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa) (Kinshasa) Kinshasa  14. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituri_Province) (Ituri Province) Ituri Province   2. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Central) (Kongo Central) Kongo Central  15. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Uele) (Haut-Uele) Haut-Uele   3. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwango) (Kwango) Kwango  16. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshopo) (Tshopo) Tshopo   4. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwilu_Province) (Kwilu Province) Kwilu Province  17. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Uele) (Bas-Uele) Bas-Uele   5. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai-Ndombe_Province) (Mai-Ndombe Province) Mai-Ndombe Province  18. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Ubangi) (Nord-Ubangi) Nord-Ubangi   6. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaï_Province) (Kasaï Province) Kasaï Province  19. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongala) (Mongala) Mongala   7. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaï-Central) (Kasaï-Central) Kasaï-Central  20. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Ubangi) (Sud-Ubangi) Sud-Ubangi   8. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaï-Oriental) (Kasaï-Oriental) Kasaï-Oriental  21. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Équateur) (Province of Équateur) Équateur   9. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomami_Province) (Lomami Province) Lomami Province  22. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshuapa) (Tshuapa) Tshuapa   10. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankuru) (Sankuru) Sankuru  23. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanganyika_Province) (Tanganyika Province) Tanganyika Province   11. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniema) (Maniema) Maniema  24. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Lomami) (Haut-Lomami) Haut-Lomami   12. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kivu) (South Kivu) South Kivu  25. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lualaba_Province) (Lualaba Province) Lualaba Province   13. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kivu) (North Kivu) North Kivu  26. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Katanga_Province) (Haut-Katanga Province) Haut-Katanga Province      Foreign relations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Kabila_with_Obamas_2014.jpg)   President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kabila) (Joseph Kabila) Joseph Kabila with U.S. President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama) (Barack Obama) Barack Obama in August 2014  There are economic and strategic incentives (for external countries) to bring more "security" to the Congo, which is rich in natural resources such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt) (Cobalt) cobalt , a metal used in many industrial and military applications.[ 167]    The country possesses 80% of the world's cobalt reserves.[ 168]     It is thought that due to the importance of cobalt for batteries for electric vehicles and stabilization of electric grids with large proportions of intermittent renewables in the electricity mix, the DRC could become an object of increased geopolitical competition.[ 167]     In the 21st century, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relations#Present_economic_relations) (China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations) Chinese investment in the DRC and Congolese exports to China have grown rapidly. In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including DRC, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_re-education_camps) (Xinjiang re-education camps) treatment of Uyghurs and other Muslim ethnic minorities.[ 169]    In 2021, President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Tshisekedi) (Félix Tshisekedi) Félix Tshisekedi called for a review of mining contracts signed with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China by his predecessor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kabila) (Joseph Kabila) Joseph Kabila ,[ 170]    in particular the Sicomines multibillion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relations#Sicomines) (China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations) 'minerals-for-infrastructure' deal .[ 171]    [ 172]     Although located in the Central African (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme) (United Nations geoscheme) UN subregion , the nation is also economically and regionally affiliated with Southern Africa as a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community) (Southern African Development Community) Southern African Development Community (SADC).[ 173]      Military  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dungu,_Haut-Uélé_Province,_DR_Congo_As_part_of_operation_"RED_KITE",_Moroccan_soldiers_of_MONUSCO_train_FARDC_soldiers_(38702370071).jpg)   Congolese soldiers being trained by UN personnel  The military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, known as the (Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo) FARDC , consists of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Land Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Land Forces , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Air Force , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Navy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Navy . There is also a separate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)) (Republican Guard (Democratic Republic of the Congo)) Republican Guard that is outside of the FARDC command structure, being directly responsible to the president.[ 174]    [ 175]    In 2023 there were 103,000 soldiers in the Land Forces, 6,700 in the Navy, 2,550 in the Air Force, 14,000 in the central command, and 8,000 in the Republican Guard. All services together numbered 134,250 personnel, nominally making the FARDC the largest military in Central Africa.[ 174]    However, the FARDC has been undermined by low levels of professionalism, training, morale, pay, and equipment, along with rampant corruption. Its lack of vehicles and aircraft makes it difficult to move troops across the country's large territory.[ 22]    [ 174]    [ 175]     The FARDC was established in 2003 after the end of the Second Congo War with the integration of many former rebel groups into its ranks,[ 175]    and it still works with pro-government militias.[ 22]    Since then it has been a diverse combination of the former Zairian armed forces, rebel groups from the Congo Wars, and other militias that were integrated more recently. President Félix Tshisekedi announced the beginning of military reforms in 2022 to create a more cohesive national army.[ 176]    This effort included replacing most of the high command with younger officers that had a record of success and providing more military spending for the years between 2022 and 2024.[ 174]    [ 176]    Despite this, the FARDC continues to be disorganized and has systematic corruption, preventing it from fulfilling its mission to effectively defend the country's entire territory.[ 19]     The armed forces are organized into geographic joint commands known as defense zones, one each for the western, south-central, and eastern DRC,[ 177]    which are further divided into military regions.[ 174]    The Land Forces consist of brigades. In 2011, those in Eastern Congo were reorganized into regiments. In 2023, it was estimated that there are nine brigades, 27 regiments, one artillery battalion, and one military police battalion.[ 174]    Many units are reported to be at half of their official strength or less because of combat losses and desertions.[ 22]    The FARDC has spent decades fighting against over 100 armed groups in Eastern Congo and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaï_region) (Kasaï region) Kasaï region , including local (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai-Mai) (Mai-Mai) Mai-Mai militias, the Rwandan-backed 23 March Movement (M23), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nduma_Defense_of_Congo-Renovated) (Nduma Defense of Congo-Renovated) Nduma Defense of Congo-Renovated (NDC-R), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces) (Allied Democratic Forces) Allied Democratic Forces (which has become part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State) (Islamic State) Islamic State ), and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord's_Resistance_Army) (Lord's Resistance Army) Lord's Resistance Army .[ 178]       Law enforcement, crime, and corruption  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese_National_Police) (Congolese National Police) Congolese National Police , known as the (Police nationale congolaise) PNC , are the primary police force in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[ 179]    [ 180]    The DRC has a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_system) (Civil law system) civil law system primarily based on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_law) (Belgian law) Belgian law , but also customary and tribal law.[ 139]    The country accepts the jurisdiction of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court) (International Criminal Court) International Criminal Court ,[ 139]    having ratified the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Statute) (Rome Statute) Rome Statute on 11 April 2002. The Criminal Code, the Military Criminal Code, and the Code of Criminal Procedure were modified by the DRC's parliament on 31 December 2015 to be in compliance with the Rome Statute.[ 181]     A relative of Mobutu explained how the government illicitly collected revenue during his rule: "Mobutu would ask one of us to go to the bank and take out a million. We'd go to an intermediary and tell him to get five million. He would go to the bank with Mobutu's authority and take out ten. Mobutu got one, and we took the other nine."[ 182]    Mobutu institutionalized corruption to prevent political rivals from challenging his control, leading to an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#1990s) (Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) economic collapse in 1996 .[ 183]     Mobutu allegedly amassed between US$50 million and $125 million during his rule.[ 184]    [ 185]    He was not the first corrupt Congolese leader by any means: "Government as a system of organized theft goes back to King Leopold II", noted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Hochschild) (Adam Hochschild) Adam Hochschild in 2009.[ 186]    In July 2009, a Swiss court determined that the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_limitations) (Statute of limitations) statute of limitations had run out on an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_asset_recovery) (International asset recovery) international asset recovery case of about $6.7 million of deposits of Mobutu's in a Swiss bank, and therefore the assets should be returned to Mobutu's family.[ 187]     President Kabila established the Commission of Repression of Economic Crimes upon his ascension to power in 2001.[ 188]    However, in 2016 the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enough_Project) (Enough Project) Enough Project issued a report claiming that the Congo is run as a violent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptocracy) (Kleptocracy) kleptocracy .[ 189]     In June 2020, a court in the Democratic Republic of the Congo found President Tshisekedi's chief of staff (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital_Kamerhe) (Vital Kamerhe) Vital Kamerhe guilty of corruption. He was sentenced to 20 years' hard labour, after facing charges of embezzling almost $50m (£39m) of public funds. He was the most high-profile figure to be convicted of corruption in the DRC.[ 190]    However, Kamerhe was released already in December 2021.[ 191]     In November 2021, a judicial investigation targeting Kabila and his associates was opened in Kinshasa after revelations of alleged embezzlement of $138 million.[ 192]      Human rights  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_macho-violence_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Military macho-violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Military macho-violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DRC-_Child_Soldiers.jpg)   A group of demobilized (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_soldiers) (Child soldiers) child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was initiated by Kabila in April 2004. The International Criminal Court prosecutor opened the case in June 2004. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_in_the_military) (Children in the military) Child soldiers have been used on a large scale in DRC, and in 2011 it was estimated that 30,000 children were still operating with armed groups.[ 193]    Instances of child labor and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour) (Forced labour) forced labor have been observed and reported in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor) (United States Department of Labor) U.S. Department of Labor 's Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor in the DRC in 2013[ 194]    and six goods produced by the country's mining industry appear on the department's December 2014 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor) (List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor) List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor  . The Democratic Republic of the Congo has prohibited (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage) (Same-sex marriage) same-sex marriage since 2006,[ 195]    and attitudes towards the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (LGBT rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) LGBT community are generally negative throughout the nation.[ 196]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_women) (Violence against women) Violence against women is perceived by large sectors of society to be normal.[ 197]    The United Nations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women) (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in 2006 expressed concern that in the post-war transition period, the promotion of women's human rights and gender equality is not seen as a priority.[ 198]    [ 199]     Mass rapes, sexual violence and sexual slavery are used as a weapon of war by the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and armed groups in the eastern part of the country.[ 200]    The eastern part of the country in particular has been described as the "rape capital of the world" and the prevalence of sexual violence there described as the worst in the world.[ 201]    [ 202]    The prevalence of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation) (Female genital mutilation) Female genital mutilation is estimated at 5% of women[ 203]    [ 204]    and is illegal.[ 205]    [ 206]       Economy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.svg)   Per capita GDP in the DRC, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_dollar) (International dollar) international dollars .  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo,_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png)   The DRC's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) Human Development Index score, 1970–2010  The economy of the DR Congo has grown from US$9.02 billion at the end of the Second Congo War in 2003 to US$72.48 billion in 2024 by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) nominal GDP ,[ 207]    and from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_dollar) (International dollar) $ 29.23 billion to $190.13 billion by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) PPP-adjusted GDP during the same time period.[ 208]    Minerals and metal, specifically (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt) (Cobalt) cobalt and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper) (Copper) copper , made up 80% of the country's exports in 2023.[ 27]    [ 209]    Its largest trade partner by a significant margin is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China , which represented 41% of its exports in 2024, followed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia) (Zambia) Zambia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa) (South Africa) South Africa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore) (Singapore) Singapore , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates .[ 210]     The DRC's economy, especially its mining sector, received significant foreign investment, and after the early 2000s it experienced high GDP growth rates that were above the average for sub-Saharan Africa.[ 211]    This led to improvements in infrastructure,[ 211]    but the growth has not alleviated poverty for the population, the majority of which (65%) is involved in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture) (Subsistence agriculture) subsistence agriculture .[ 209]    Most jobs are informal and there is also very high youth unemployment.[ 209]     An estimated 73.5% of people in the DRC lived below the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_poverty_line) (International poverty line) international poverty line of US$2.15 per day as of 2024, making it among the five poorest countries in the world.[ 158]    The DRC had the lowest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) Human Development Index of the 187 ranked countries in 2011.[ 212]    Agriculture is a large sector of the economy.[ 28]    Its output has declined over the past several decades[ 213]    with the DRC dependent upon food imports.[ 209]    In 2023, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_price_inflation) (Food price inflation) food-price inflation reached 173%.[ 214]     At independence in 1960, the DRC was the second-most-industrialized country in Africa after South Africa; it boasted a thriving mining sector and a relatively productive agriculture sector.[ 215]    It is widely considered one of the world's richest countries in natural resources; its untapped deposits of raw minerals are estimated to be worth in excess of US$24 trillion.[ 216]    [ 217]    [ 218]    Despite such vast mineral wealth, the economy of the DRC has declined drastically since the mid-1980s. The country generated up to 70% of its export revenue from minerals in the 1970s and 1980s and was particularly hit when resource prices deteriorated at that time.[ 219]    Due to the fall in commodity prices, widespread corruption, and the collapse of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire_(currency)) (Zaire (currency)) the currency from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation) (Hyperinflation) hyperinflation , by the early 1990s the formal economy had nearly ceased to exist, with much of the population depending on subsistence agriculture or informal bartering.[ 220]     The new government tried to implement a currency reform in 1997 after the First Congo War, but was disrupted by outbreak of the Second Congo War in 1998,[ 221]    which worsened all of the problems, along with infrastructure breakdown and the lack of a clear legal system. Economic stability improved in 2003 with assistance from international donors following the withdrawal of foreign troops,[ 222]    though continuing conflicts and the resulting humanitarian crisis still undermine economic development.[ 209]    [ 158]     In the 2020s, the DRC has taken measures to move away from its traditional (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_capitalism) (State capitalism) state-dominated economic model , with state monopolies and elite control in key sectors, towards a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy) (Market economy) market economy , with partial privatization in the mining and telecommunications sectors. It also prioritized economic liberalization and integration, having trade agreements with over 50 countries, and has taken steps to develop e-commerce. The DRC joined the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area) (African Continental Free Trade Area) African Continental Free Trade Area in 2022, and aligned itself with EAC and SADC legal standards with regard to anti-competitive practices in 2023. These efforts have been stalled by government corruption, patronage networks, limited enforcement, and trade policies inconsistent with regional frameworks.[ 19]     Mining  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diamonds-_Zaire,_(DR_Congo)_(8458935824).jpg)   Rough diamonds ≈1 to 1.5 mm in size from the DR Congo  The mining sector has been responsible for much of the DRC's economic growth since the Second Congo War.[ 223]    The DRC is the world's largest producer of cobalt ore, accounting for 70% of global production in 2023,[ 214]    and a major producer of copper and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond) (Diamond) diamonds .[ 224]    It has 70% of the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coltan) (Coltan) coltan , a third of its cobalt, more than 30% of its diamond reserves, and a tenth of its copper.[ 225]    [ 226]    In February 2018, global asset management firm (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllianceBernstein) (AllianceBernstein) AllianceBernstein [ 227]    defined the DRC as economically "the Saudi Arabia of the electric vehicle age", because of its cobalt resources, cobalt being essential in the production of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery) (Lithium-ion battery) lithium-ion batteries that power many (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle) (Electric vehicle) electric vehicles .[ 228]     Diamonds come from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaï_Province) (Kasaï Province) Kasaï Province in the central DRC. By far the largest mines are located in southern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanga_Province) (Katanga Province) Katanga Province and are highly mechanized, with a capacity of several million tons per year of copper and cobalt ore, and refining capability for metal ore. The DRC is the second-largest diamond-producing nation in the world.[ e]    Artisanal and small-scale miners account for most of its production. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Site_Maniema_Mining_Corporation.jpg)   A mining site in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Katanga_Province) (Haut-Katanga Province) Haut-Katanga Province   Smaller-scale economic activity from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisanal_mining) (Artisanal mining) artisanal mining occurs in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_economy) (Informal economy) informal sector and is not reflected in GDP data.[ 229]    A third of the DRC's diamonds are believed to be smuggled out of the country, making it difficult to quantify diamond production levels.[ 230]    In 2002, tin was discovered in the east of the country but to date has only been mined on a small scale.[ 231]    Smuggling of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_resource) (Conflict resource) conflict minerals such as coltan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassiterite) (Cassiterite) cassiterite , ores of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum) (Tantalum) tantalum and tin, respectively, helped to fuel the war in the eastern Congo.[ 232]    Open-pit cobalt mining has led to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) deforestation and habitat destruction.[ 233]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanga_Mining) (Katanga Mining) Katanga Mining Limited , a Swiss-owned company, owns the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luilu?action=edit&redlink=1) (Luilu (page does not exist)) Luilu Metallurgical Plant, which has a capacity of 175,000 tonnes of copper and 8,000 tonnes of cobalt per year, making it the largest cobalt refinery in the world. After a major rehabilitation program, the company resumed copper production operations in December 2007 and cobalt production in May 2008.[ 234]     In 2007–08, Joseph Kabila's administration entered a 'resources-for-infrastructure' deal with China, creating the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture) (Joint venture) joint venture (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicomines) (Sicomines) Sicomines (Sino-Congolais des Mines ), with the majority of the shares owned by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railway_Engineering_Corporation) (China Railway Engineering Corporation) China Railway Engineering Corporation (CREC) while the DRC's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gécamines) (Gécamines) Gécamines owned the rest. The company received mining rights in exchange for investing US$3 billion into building infrastructure.[ 235]    Sicomines began production in 2015.[ 236]    The deal has received criticism for terms that appeared to be disproportionately favorable to China at the expense of the DRC.[ 237]    Félix Tshisekedi's administration ordered an investigation into the deal, which concluded that less than US$1 billion had been spent on infrastructure. Tshisekedi renegotiated the agreement to add new terms, and in 2024 this led to the infrastructure investment being increased to US$7 billion.[ 238]     In April 2013, anti-corruption NGOs revealed that Congolese tax authorities had failed to account for $88 million from the mining sector, despite booming production and positive industrial performance. The missing funds date from 2010 and tax bodies should have paid them into the central bank.[ 239]    Later in 2013, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractive_Industries_Transparency_Initiative) (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative) Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative suspended the country's candidacy for membership due to insufficient reporting, monitoring and independent audits, but in July 2013 the country improved its accounting and transparency practices to the point where the EITI gave the country full membership.  Transportation  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Rail transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Rail transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matadi_train_station_(21236934082).jpg)   The Matadi railway station, part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matadi–Kinshasa_Railway) (Matadi–Kinshasa Railway) Matadi–Kinshasa Railway   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Route_Boma_Moanda.jpg)   A section of National Road 1 between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boma,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo) Boma and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moanda,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Moanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo) Moanda , Kongo Central  The DRC has 152,373 kilometres (94,680  mi) of roads, out of which only 3,047 kilometres (1,893  mi) are paved. It also has 4,007 kilometres (2,490  mi) of railways, with most being (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway) (Narrow-gauge railway) narrow-gauge .[ 240]    The infrastructure is in a state of disrepair, and the national highway system is very limited; reaching the capital by road is not possible from many parts of the country.[ 241]    Since the early 2000s there have been improvements to the road network, but the dense forests and numerous rivers in the DRC make construction and maintenance difficult.[ 242]    Air and river transportation have an important role due to the terrain and the poor state of the road and rail networks.[ 243]     Air travel has seen an increase since the early 2000s, with 24 city pairs having airline service as of 2007, although it has a poor safety record.[ 244]    All air carriers certified by the DRC have been banned from European Union airports because of inadequate safety standards.[ 245]    Despite this, airlines are seen as the most reliable form of domestic travel.[ 241]    [ 246]    There are eight airlines in the country,[ 240]    including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_carrier) (Flag carrier) flag carrier (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Airways) (Congo Airways) Congo Airways , and several international airlines service (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N'djili_Airport) (N'djili Airport) Kinshasa's international airport . Besides Kinshasa there are three other international airports in the DRC, which are at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubumbashi_International_Airport) (Lubumbashi International Airport) Lubumbashi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisangani_Bangoka_International_Airport) (Kisangani Bangoka International Airport) Kisangani , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma_International_Airport) (Goma International Airport) Goma .[ 246]     The DRC has about 15,000 kilometres (9,300  mi) of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigable) (Navigable) navigable (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterway) (Waterway) waterways ,[ 247]    with the Congo River serving as the spine. Water transport has traditionally been the dominant means of moving around in the DRC and is also used to fill gaps between roads. Around two million tons of cargo pass through the port of Kinshasa on the Congo River every year, more than triple the volume moved by the national railroad company, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_nationale_des_chemins_de_fer_du_Congo) (Société nationale des chemins de fer du Congo) SNCC . River transports are owned by many private operators.[ 248]    The DRC's three economic hubs—Kinshasa in the west, Lubumbashi in the south, and Kinsangani in the northeast—are not connected by roads or rail.[ 249]     The rail system is concentrated in the southeast. Kinshasa is connected by river ferry to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilebo) (Ilebo) Ilebo , where the rail line to Lubumbashi begins. This line is also critical for the movement of metal and minerals from the southern DRC to ports in Angola or South Africa (via Zambia) to be exported overseas.[ 247]    [ 250]    There is an electrified line between Kinshasa and the Atlantic seaport of Matadi. The track and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_stock) (Rolling stock) rolling stock of the SNCC system is in poor condition, though the more recently built Matadi–Kinshasa line has better track.[ 251]    [ 252]     There are 44 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (List of roads in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) national roads [ 253]    with a total of 58,358 kilometres (36,262  mi) .[ 246]    [ 254]    Three of them are considered the most important. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Road_1_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)) (National Road 1 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)) National Road No. 1 (RN1) is the main highway of the road system, connecting seaports in Kongo Central with Kinshasa and cities in the interior, such as Lubumbashi. RN1 reaches the border with Zambia in the south.[ 255]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Road_2_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)) (National Road 2 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)) National Road 2 (RN2) connects the central city of Mbuji-Mayi with Goma in the east, with most of it outside of the Kivu region being in a bad condition, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Road_3_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)) (National Road 3 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)) National Road 3 (RN3) connects Goma to Kisangani, from where a river boat can be taken to Kinshasa.[ 248]    [ 254]    [ 256]      Energy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Congo_(DRC)_electricity_generation_by_source.png)   Electricity generation in Congo (DRC) in terawatt-hours, 2026  The generation and distribution of electricity is controlled by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Société_Nationale_d'Électricité) (Société Nationale d'Électricité) Société nationale d'électricité (SNEL), but only 15% of the country has access to electricity.[ 257]    The DRC has the infrastructure for hydro-electricity from the Congo River at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga_dams) (Inga dams) Inga dams . Both coal and crude oil resources were mainly used domestically up to 2008.[ 258]     In 2010, the DRC had 2,400 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt) (Megawatt) megawatts of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installed_capacity) (Installed capacity) installed capacity , with only 1,000 MW functioning. The only interconnected part of the power grid is the high voltage transmission line between the Inga dams in Kongo Central and the southern DRC.[ 259]    This line runs to the Zambian border and is also used to export electricity to Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa.[ 260]    Almost half of companies in the DRC have their own generators due to blackouts and the limitations of the power grid.[ 261]     The DRC has a river system that could provide hydro-electric power to the entire continent, according to a UN report on the country's strategic significance and its potential role as an economic power in central Africa.[ 262]    The DRC's electricity generation potential from hydro-power is estimated at 100,000 MW.[ 261]    The DRC is a member of three electrical power pools. These are Southern African Power Pool, East African Power Pool, and Central African Power Pool. Because of abundant sunlight, the potential for solar power is very high in the DRC. There are already about 836 solar power systems in the DRC, with a total power of 83 MW, located in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Équateur) (Province of Équateur) Équateur (167), Katanga (159), Nord-Kivu (170), the two Kasaï provinces (170), and Bas-Congo (170). Also, the 148 Caritas network system has a total power of 6.31 MW.[ 263]       Demographics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo) Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_population.svg)   The Democratic Republic of the Congo's population between 1960 and 2017  The DRC has a high annual population growth rate,[ 19]    and the population increased from 51.9 million in 2000[ 264]    to 105 million in 2021.[ 265]    Between 1950 and 2000, the country's population nearly quadrupled from 12.2 million to 46.9 million.[ 266]     In 2026, 52% of the population had access to water services (29% in rural areas). 31% have access to sanitation services (21% in rural areas). The DRC also lacks state-sponsored social safety nets, with 12% of formal workers, mostly government employees, being enrolled in the National Social Security Fund.[ 19]     Ethnic groups  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Category:Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Category:Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  Over 250 ethnic groups and 450 tribes (ethnic subgroups) populate the DRC. They are in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_languages) (Bantu languages) Bantu , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanic_languages) (Sudanic languages) Sudanic , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilotic_languages) (Nilotic languages) Nilotic , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa–Ubangi_languages) (Adamawa–Ubangi languages) Ubangian and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_Pygmy_languages) (Classification of Pygmy languages) Pygmy linguistic groups. Because of this diversity, there is no dominant ethnic group in the Congo, however the following ethnic groups account for 51.5% of the population:[ 17]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DRC_Ethnic_Groups.png)   The largest ethnic groups in the DRC  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luba-Kasai_language) (Luba-Kasai language) Luba-Kasaï  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_people) (Kongo people) Kongo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongo_people) (Mongo people) Mongo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luba-Katanga_language) (Luba-Katanga language) Lubakat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulua_people) (Lulua people) Lulua  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetela_people) (Tetela people) Tetela  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nande_language) (Nande language) Nande  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngbandi_people) (Ngbandi people) Ngbandi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngombe_language) (Ngombe language) Ngombe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaka_people) (Yaka people) Yaka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngbaka_languages) (Ngbaka languages) Ngbaka   In 2021 , the UN estimated the country's population to be 96 million,[ 267]    [ 268]    a rapid increase from 39.1 million in 1992 despite the ongoing war.[ 269]    As many as 250 ethnic groups have been identified and named. About 600,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Pygmies) (Congo Pygmies) Pygmies live in the DRC.[ 270]      Largest cities       Largest cities or towns in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  [ 271]    [ 272]        Rank (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (List of cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Province  Pop.   1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa) (Kinshasa) Kinshasa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa) (Kinshasa) Kinshasa  15,628,000  2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuji-Mayi) (Mbuji-Mayi) Mbuji-Mayi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasai-Oriental) (Kasai-Oriental) Kasai-Oriental  2,765,000  3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubumbashi) (Lubumbashi) Lubumbashi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Katanga_Province) (Haut-Katanga Province) Haut-Katanga  2,695,000  4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisangani) (Kisangani) Kisangani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshopo) (Tshopo) Tshopo  1,640,000  5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kananga) (Kananga) Kananga  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaï-Central) (Kasaï-Central) Kasaï-Central  1,593,000  6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbandaka) (Mbandaka) Mbandaka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Équateur) (Province of Équateur) Équateur  1,188,000  7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukavu) (Bukavu) Bukavu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kivu) (South Kivu) South Kivu  1,190,000  8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshikapa) (Tshikapa) Tshikapa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaï_Province) (Kasaï Province) Kasaï  1,024,000  9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunia) (Bunia) Bunia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituri_Province) (Ituri Province) Ituri  768,000  10 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma) (Goma) Goma  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kivu) (North Kivu) North Kivu  707,000       Migration  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_(7134901927).jpg)   People fleeing their villages due to fighting between FARDC and rebels groups, Sake, North Kivu, April 2012  Given the often unstable situation in the country and the condition of state structures, it is extremely difficult to obtain reliable migration data. However, evidence suggests that DRC continues to be a destination country for immigrants, in spite of recent declines in their numbers. Immigration is very diverse in nature; refugees and asylum-seekers – products of the numerous and violent conflicts in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Great_Lakes) (African Great Lakes) Great Lakes Region  – constitute an important subset of the population. The country's large mine operations attract migrant workers from Africa and beyond. There is also considerable migration for commercial activities from other African countries and the rest of the world, but these movements are not well studied.[ 273]    Transit migration towards South Africa and Europe also plays a role. Immigration to the DRC has decreased steadily over the past two decades, most likely as a result of the armed violence that the country has experienced. The number of immigrants in the DRC has fallen from just over one million in 1960, to 754,000 in 1990, to 480,000 in 2005, to an estimated 445,000 in 2010. Official figures are unavailable, partly due to the predominance of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_economy) (Informal economy) informal economy in the DRC. Data is lacking on irregular immigrants, however given neighbouring countries' ethnic links to DRC nationals, irregular migration is assumed to be a significant phenomenon.[ 273]     Figures for Congolese nationals abroad vary greatly depending on the source; sources believe there are between three and six million Congolese living abroad. This discrepancy is due to a lack of official, reliable data. Emigrants from the DRC are above all long-term emigrants, the majority of whom live in Africa and to a lesser extent in Europe; 79.7% and 15.3% respectively, in 2000.[ 273]     New destination countries include South Africa and various points en route to Europe. The DRC has produced a considerable number of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees) (Refugees) refugees and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum-seekers) (Asylum-seekers) asylum-seekers located in the region and beyond. These numbers peaked in 2004 when there were more than 460,000 refugees from the DRC; in 2008, Congolese refugees numbered 367,995 in total, 68% of whom were living in other African countries.[ 273]     Since 2003, more than 400,000 Congolese migrants have been expelled from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola) (Angola) Angola .[ 274]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Europeans and Asians makeup a significant part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo's migrant population. Most Europeans and Asians went to the country for temporary employment.[ 275]     Forced displacement and refugees  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_persons_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Internally displaced persons in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Internally displaced persons in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Refugees of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Refugees of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  The DRC has around 6.9 million people displaced within its borders, more than five million of whom are in the eastern provinces of North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri. In addition, over 990,000 Congolese refugees and asylum seekers live elsewhere on the African continent.[ 276]    The internal displacement crisis in the DRC is the most severe in Africa.[ 19]       Languages  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Variantes_du_français_originaires_de_Belgique_utilisées_en_Afrique.jpg)   The Democratic Republic of the Congo speaks a variant of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_French) (Belgian French) Belgian French (dark red), compared to other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_French) (African French) French speaking parts of Africa .  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language) (Official language) official language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[ 277]    It is culturally accepted as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca) (Lingua franca) lingua franca  , facilitating communication among the many different ethnic groups of the Congo. In 2018, 49 million Congolese people (51% of the population) could read and write French.[ 278]    A 2021 survey found that 74% of the population could speak French, making it the most widely spoken language in the country.[ 279]     In Kinshasa, 67% of the population in 2014 could read and write French, and 68.5% could speak and understand it.[ 280]     In 2024, there were around 12 million native French speakers in the country.[ 281]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_-_DR_Congo,_major_languages.svg)   The four (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_languages) (Bantu languages) Bantu languages with elevated "national" status  Approximately 242 languages are spoken in the DRC, of which four have the status of national languages: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kituba_language) (Kituba language) Kituba (Kikongo), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala) (Lingala) Lingala , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luba-Kasai_language) (Luba-Kasai language) Tshiluba , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language) (Swahili language) Swahili ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Swahili) (Congo Swahili) Congo Swahili ). Although some limited number of people speak these as first languages, most of the population speak them as a second language, after the native language of their own ethnic group. Lingala was the official language of the Force Publique under Belgian colonial rule and remains to this day the predominant language of the armed forces. Since the recent rebellions, a good part of the army in the east also uses Swahili, where it competes to be the regional lingua franca . Under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire) (Belgian colonial empire) Belgian rule , the Belgians instituted the teaching and use of the four Bantu languages in primary schools, making it one of the few African nations to have literacy in local languages during the European colonial period. This trend was reversed after independence, when French became the sole language of education at all levels.[ 282]    Since 1975, the four national languages have been reintroduced in the first two years of primary education, with French becoming the sole language of education from the third year onward, but in practice many primary schools in urban areas solely use French from the first year of school onward.[ 282]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language) (Portuguese language) Portuguese is taught in public schools as a foreign language due to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola) (Angola) Angolan , and to a lesser extent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique) (Mozambique) Mozambican immigrant and refugee communities. Brazil has also been promoting the language in Africa.[ 283]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_similarity) (Lexical similarity) lexical similarity and comparable phonology of French to Portuguese makes it a relatively easy language for people to learn. Many of the roughly 175,000 Portuguese speakers in the DRC are Angolans who fled violence during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence) (Angolan War of Independence) Angolan War of Independence and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War) (Angolan Civil War) Angolan Civil War of the late 20th century.[ 284]    Most of them have been repatriated back since the war ended in 2002.[ 285]      Religion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sts._Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Lubumbashi) (Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Lubumbashi) The Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubumbashi) (Lubumbashi) Lubumbashi   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cathedrale_notre_dame_de_la_victoire_bukavu.png)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Peace_Cathedral,_Bukavu) (Our Lady of Peace Cathedral, Bukavu) Our Lady of Peace Cathedral in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukavu) (Bukavu) Bukavu   Christianity is the predominant religion of the DRC. In 2013, Christians constituted 93.7% of the population, with Catholics making up 29.7%, Protestants 26.8%, and other Christians 37.2%. A new Christian religious movement, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbanguism) (Kimbanguism) Kimbanguism , had the adherence of 2.8%, while Muslims made up 1%.[ 286]    Other recent estimates have found Christianity the majority religion, followed by 95.8% of the population according to a 2010 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research Center [ 287]    estimate. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook) (CIA World Factbook) CIA World Factbook reports this figure to be 95.9%.[ 265]    The proportion of followers of Islam is estimated from 1%[ 288]    to 12%.[ 289]     In 2014, there were about 35 million Catholics in the country[ 2]    with six (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese) (Archdiocese) archdioceses and 41 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioceses) (Dioceses) dioceses .[ 290]    The impact of the Catholic Church is difficult to overestimate. Schatzberg has called it the country's "only truly national institution apart from the state".[ 291]    Its schools have educated over 60% of the nation's primary school students and more than 40% of its secondary students. The church owns and manages an extensive network of hospitals, schools, and clinics, as well as many diocesan economic enterprises, including farms, ranches, stores, and artisans' shops.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2013)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)) citation needed   ]   Sixty-two Protestant denominations are federated under the umbrella of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Christ_in_the_Congo) (Church of Christ in the Congo) Church of Christ in the Congo . It is often referred to as the Protestant Church , since it covers most of the DRC Protestants. With more than 25 million members, it constitutes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_Protestant_denominations) (List of the largest Protestant denominations) one of the largest Protestant bodies in the world.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2026)) citation needed   ]   Kimbanguism was seen as a threat to the colonial regime and was banned by the Belgians. Kimbanguism, officially "the church of Christ on Earth by the prophet Simon Kimbangu", has about three million members,[ 292]    primarily among the Bakongo of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Central) (Kongo Central) Kongo Central and Kinshasa. Islam has been present in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since the 18th century, brought by Arab traders. Today, Muslims constitute approximately 1% of the Congolese population according to the Pew Research Center. The majority are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam) (Sunni Islam) Sunni Muslims.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)) citation needed   ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paroisse_St_Esprit.jpg)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Roman Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  The first members of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baháʼí_Faith) (Baháʼí Faith) Baháʼí Faith to live in the country came from Uganda in 1953. Four years later, the first local administrative council was elected. In 1970, the National Spiritual Assembly (national administrative council) was first elected. Though the religion was banned in the 1970s and 1980s, due to misrepresentations of foreign governments, the ban was lifted by the end of the 1980s. In 2012, plans were announced to build a national (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baháʼí_House_of_Worship) (Baháʼí House of Worship) Baháʼí House of Worship in the country.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)) citation needed   ]   Traditional religions embody such concepts as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism) (Monotheism) monotheism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism) (Animism) animism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalism) (Vitalism) vitalism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_worship) (Spirit worship) spirit and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor_worship) (Ancestor worship) ancestor worship , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft) (Witchcraft) witchcraft , and sorcery and vary widely among ethnic groups. The syncretic sects often merge elements of Christianity with traditional beliefs and rituals and are not recognized by mainstream churches as part of Christianity. New variants of ancient beliefs have become widespread, led by US-inspired Pentecostal churches which have been in the forefront of witchcraft accusations, particularly against children and the elderly.(./Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2013)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (What is the new belief? Witchcraft, or the accusations of witchcraft? (January 2013)) clarification needed   ]  [ 293]     Children accused of witchcraft are sent away from homes and family, often to live on the street, which can lead to physical violence against these children.[ 294]    (./Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2013)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (What leads to violence? (January 2013)) clarification needed   ]  [ 295]    There are charities supporting street children such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Children_Trust) (Congo Children Trust) Congo Children Trust .[ 296]    The Congo Children Trust's flagship project is Kimbilio,[ 297]    which works to reunite street children in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubumbashi) (Lubumbashi) Lubumbashi .  The usual term for these children is enfants sorciers (child witches) or enfants dits sorciers (children accused of witchcraft). Non-denominational church organizations have been formed to capitalize on this belief by charging exorbitant fees for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcisms) (Exorcisms) exorcisms . Though recently outlawed, children have been subjected in these exorcisms to often-violent abuse at the hands of self-proclaimed prophets and priests.[ 298]      Education  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DRC_classroom.jpg)   A classroom in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  In 2014, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy) (Literacy) literacy rate for the population between the ages of 15 and 49 was estimated to be 75.9% (88.1% male and 63.8% female).[ 299]    The education system is governed by three government ministries: the Ministère de l'Enseignement Primaire, Secondaire et Professionnel (MEPSP ), the Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et Universitaire (MESU) and the Ministère des Affaires Sociales (MAS) . Primary education is neither free nor compulsory,(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2015)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)) citation needed   ]  even though the Congolese constitution says it should be (Article 43 of the 2005 Congolese Constitution).[ 300]     As a result of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congo_War) (First Congo War) First and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Congo_War) (Second Congo War) Second Congo Wars in the late 1990s—early 2000s, over 5.2 million children in the country did not receive any education.[ 301]    Since the end of the civil war, the situation has improved tremendously, with the number of children enrolled in primary schools rising from 5.5 million in 2002 to 16.8 million in 2018, and the number of children enrolled in secondary schools rising from 2.8 million in 2007 to 4.6 million in 2015.[ 302]     Actual school attendance has also improved greatly in recent years, with primary school net attendance estimated to be 82.4% in 2014 (82.4% of children ages 6–11 attended school; 83.4% for boys, 80.6% for girls).[ 303]      Health  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_DR_Congo.svg)   Changes in life expectancy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1950 to 2021  The DRC faces persistent healthcare challenges, including outbreaks of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola) (Ebola) Ebola , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles) (Measles) measles , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria) (Malaria) malaria , and its healthcare system is under-resourced.[ 19]    Inadequate infrastructure limits emergency response capability.[ 19]    The result is difficulty in providing transportation for medical treatment and supplies. Financial inequalities prevent access to services.[ 304]    Medical supplies and equipment have also been looted from healthcare facilities.[ 305]    In of 2024, the DRC spent 3.1% of its GDP on healthcare, and 75% of Congolese rely on out-of-pocket payments for medical treatment.[ 19]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (List of hospitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Hospitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa_General_Hospital) (Kinshasa General Hospital) General Hospital of Kinshasa .  The DRC has the world's second-highest rate of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality) (Infant mortality) infant mortality (after Chad). In April 2011, through aid from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAVI) (GAVI) Global Alliance for Vaccines , a new vaccine to prevent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae) (Streptococcus pneumoniae) pneumococcal disease was introduced around Kinshasa.[ 306]    In 2012, it was estimated that about 1.1% of adults aged 15–49 were living with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS) (HIV/AIDS) HIV/AIDS .[ 307]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria) (Malaria) Malaria [ 308]    [ 309]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever) (Yellow fever) yellow fever are problems.[ 310]     In early 2025, there was a 50% drop in children under the age of five years old visiting medical facilities, compared to a year earlier. The number of vaccinated children dropped from 67,000 to 29,000 when comparing the first quarter of 2023 to that of 2025.[ 311]     In May 2026, the World Health Organization declared the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Ebola_epidemic) (2026 Ebola epidemic) Ebola outbreak caused by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundibugyo_virus) (Bundibugyo virus) Bundibugyo virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern) (Public health emergency of international concern) public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).[ 312]     The incidence of yellow fever-related fatalities in DRC is relatively low. In 2021, only two individuals died due to yellow fever in DRC.[ 313]     In 2016, 26,529 people died on the roads in DRC due to traffic accidents.[ 314]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_health) (Maternal health) Maternal health is poor in DRC. In 2010, the DRC had the 17th highest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death) (Maternal death) maternal mortality rate in the world.[ 315]    In 2015, 43.5% of children under five were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunted_growth) (Stunted growth) stunted .[ 316]     In 2020, the United Nations emergency food relief agency warned that amid the escalating conflict and worsening situation following (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019) (Coronavirus disease 2019) COVID-19 in the DRC, millions of lives were at risk as they could die of hunger. In 2020, four in ten people in Congo lacked food security and about 15.6 million were facing a potential hunger crisis.[ 317]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution) (Air pollution) Air pollution levels in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are very unhealthy. In 2020, annual average air pollution in the DRC stood at 34.2 μg/m3 , which is almost 6.8 times the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization) (World Health Organization) World Health Organization PM2.5 guideline (5 μg/m3 : set in September 2021).[ 318]    These pollution levels are estimated to reduce the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy) (Life expectancy) life expectancy of an average citizen of the DRC by almost 2.9 years.[ 318]    Currently, the DRC does not have a national ambient air quality standard.[ 319]       Culture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hemba_male_figure1.jpg)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemba) (Hemba) Hemba male statue  The culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo reflects the diversity of its numerous ethnic groups and their differing ways of life throughout the country—from the mouth of the River Congo on the coast, upriver through the rainforest and savanna in its centre, to the more densely populated mountains in the far east.[ 320]    Since the late 19th century, traditional ways of life have undergone changes brought about by colonialism, the struggle for independence, the stagnation of the Mobutu era, and most recently, the First and Second Congo Wars. Despite these pressures, the customs and cultures of the Congo have retained much of their individuality. The country's 81 million inhabitants (2016) are mainly rural. The 30% who live in urban areas have been the most open to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture) (Western culture) Western influences. Literature  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_writers) (List of Democratic Republic of the Congo writers) List of Democratic Republic of the Congo writers  French-language Congolese literature developed particularly from the end of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II , during the period of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo) (Belgian Congo) Belgian Congo . Early figures included (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Roger_Bolamba) (Antoine-Roger Bolamba) Antoine-Roger Bolamba and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lomami-Tshibamba) (Paul Lomami-Tshibamba) Paul Lomami-Tshibamba .[ 321]     After independence, Congolese literature diversified, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Y._Mudimbe) (V. Y. Mudimbe) V. Y. Mudimbe becoming a prominent writer and scholar of the postcolonial period. Contemporary Congolese literature includes writers such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Koli_Jean_Bofane) (In Koli Jean Bofane) In Koli Jean Bofane , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiston_Mwanza_Mujila) (Fiston Mwanza Mujila) Fiston Mwanza Mujila , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinzo_Aanza) (Sinzo Aanza) Sinzo Aanza and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Ndala) (Blaise Ndala) Blaise Ndala .[ 322]      Music  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese_rumba) (Congolese rumba) Congolese rumba , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soukous) (Soukous) Soukous , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndombolo) (Ndombolo) Ndombolo  Congo has a rich musical heritage, rooted in traditional rhythms.[ 323]    The earliest known form of popular (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partner_dance) (Partner dance) partnered dance music in Congo was Maringa , denoting a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_people) (Kongo people) Kongolese dance practised within the former (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Loango) (Kingdom of Loango) Kingdom of Loango , encompassing parts of the present-day Republic of the Congo, southern Gabon and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinda_Province) (Cabinda Province) Cabinda .[ 324]    The style gained popularity in the 1920s–1930s, introducing the "bar-dancing" culture in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa) (Kinshasa) Léopoldville (now Kinshasa), incorporating unique elements like a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_drum) (Bass drum) bass drum , a bottle as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)) (Triangle (musical instrument)) triangle , and an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion) (Accordion) accordion .[ 325]    [ 326]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:François_Luambo_Luanzo_Makiadi_se_produisant_au_Zaïre_(cropped).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Luambo) (Franco Luambo) Franco Luambo and his (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPOK_Jazz) (TPOK Jazz) OK Jazz orchestra performing live at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire_74) (Zaire 74) Zaire 74   In the 1940s and 1950s, the influence of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_cubano) (Son cubano) Cuban son bands transformed Maringa into "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese_rumba) (Congolese rumba) Congolese rumba ". Imported records by Sexteto Habanero and Trio Matamoros, often mislabeled as "rumba", played a significant role.[ 327]    Artists such as Antoine Kasongo, Paul Kamba, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bowane) (Henri Bowane) Henri Bowane , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendo_Kolosoy) (Wendo Kolosoy) Antoine Wendo Kolosoy , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Luambo) (Franco Luambo) Franco Luambo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Grand_Kallé) (Le Grand Kallé) Le Grand Kallé , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Longomba) (Vicky Longomba) Vicky Longomba , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Kasanda) (Nico Kasanda) Nico Kasanda , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabu_Ley_Rochereau) (Tabu Ley Rochereau) Tabu Ley Rochereau , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Noël_Nedule) (Papa Noël Nedule) Papa Noël Nedule authentically popularized the style and made significant contributions to it in the 1940s and 1950s.[ 327]     The 1960s and 1970s saw the emergence of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaïko_Langa_Langa) (Zaïko Langa Langa) Zaïko Langa Langa , one of the most innovative groups of the genre, which has crossed generations and is considered part of Congolese heritage and pop culture,[ 328]    as well as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soukous) (Soukous) soukous , an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_contemporary_music) (Urban contemporary music) urban (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music) (Dance music) dance music style that evolved from Congolese rumba. Soukous led to diverse offshoots, such as ekonda saccadé , reflecting the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongo_people) (Mongo people) Mongo rhythmic influence, and mokonyonyon , emulating (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_thrust) (Pelvic thrust) pelvic thrust dance movements from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetela_people) (Tetela people) Otetela ethnic background.[ 327]    The same soukous, under the guidance of "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Sape) (La Sape) le sapeur  ", (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Wemba) (Papa Wemba) Papa Wemba , have set the tone for a generation of young men always dressed up in exorbitant designer clothes. They came to be known as the fourth generation of Congolese music and mostly come from the former prominent band (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenge_Musica) (Wenge Musica) Wenge Musica .[ 329]    [ 330]    [ 331]    [ 332]    [ 333]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abeti_Masikini,_1978.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeti_Masikini) (Abeti Masikini) Abeti Masikini in 1978  Political and economic challenges under Mobutu prompted a mass exodus of musicians to Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone) (Sierra Leone) Sierra Leone , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia) (Liberia) Liberia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe) (Europe) Europe and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia) (Asia) Asia , expanding the spread of Congolese urban music.[ 327]    [ 334]    [ 335]    Notably, the quartet Ry-Co Jazz played a crucial role in globalizing Congolese music, touring (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa) (West Africa) West Africa , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean) (Caribbean) Caribbean , and France.[ 327]    By the 1980s, numerous Congolese musicians were based in Europe, facilitating the global dissemination of their musical prowess. Congolese lead guitarists became a sought-after commodity, attracting bands worldwide eager to infuse a Congolese flavor into their compositions or learn the intricate art of Congolese guitar dexterity.[ 327]      Media  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Mass media in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Mass media in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  Newspapers of the DRC include (French-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Avenir_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_newspaper)) (L'Avenir (Democratic Republic of the Congo newspaper)) L'Avenir   (./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  , Radion Télévision Mwangaza , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Conscience?action=edit&redlink=1) (La Conscience (page does not exist)) La Conscience  [ (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Conscience) (fr:La Conscience) fr ]   , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Observateur?action=edit&redlink=1) (L'Observateur (page does not exist)) L'Observateur  [ (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Observateur%20(RDC)) (fr:L'Observateur (RDC)) fr ]   , Le Phare , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Potentiel) (Le Potentiel) Le Potentiel  , Le Soft and LeCongolais.CD ,[ 336]    a web-based daily.[ 337]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-Télévision_nationale_congolaise) (Radio-Télévision nationale congolaise) Radio Télévision Nationale Congolaise (RTNC) is the national broadcaster of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. RTNC currently broadcasts in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingala_language) (Lingala language) Lingala and French.  Cuisine  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1353838603)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   This section is an excerpt from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese_cuisine) (Congolese cuisine) Congolese cuisine .[ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congolese_cuisine&action=edit) edit ]   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese_cuisine) (Congolese cuisine) cuisine of the Democratic Republic of the Congo varies widely, representing the food of indigenous people. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava) (Cassava) Cassava , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fufu) (Fufu) fufu  , rice, plantain and potatoes are generally the staple foods.[ 338]     (./Category:Articles_with_excerpts)     Sports  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Football in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Football in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Rugby union in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Rugby union in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  Many sports are played in the DRC, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Football in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) football , basketball, baseball, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Rugby union in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) rugby . The sports are played in numerous stadiums throughout the country, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Frederic_Kibassa_Maliba) (Stade Frederic Kibassa Maliba) Stade Frederic Kibassa Maliba .[ 339]     As Zaire, they participated in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup) (1974 FIFA World Cup) 1974 FIFA World Cup , where they would be drawn into a group containing Scotland, Yugoslavia, and Brazil. The team would concede fourteen goals and fail to score, finishing bottom of the group.[ 340]     In the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup) (2026 FIFA World Cup) 2026 FIFA World Cup the DRC drew with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team) (Portugal national football team) Portugal on the way to finishing third in their group and progressing to the knockout stage, where they put up a magnificent performance against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team) (England national football team) England in the round of 32 but lost 2-1. [ 341]     Internationally, the country is especially famous for its professional basketball (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association) (National Basketball Association) NBA and football players. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikembe_Mutombo) (Dikembe Mutombo) Dikembe Mutombo is one of the best African basketball players to ever play the game. Mutombo is well known for humanitarian projects in his home country. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismack_Biyombo) (Bismack Biyombo) Bismack Biyombo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Eyenga) (Christian Eyenga) Christian Eyenga , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Kuminga) (Jonathan Kuminga) Jonathan Kuminga , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Mudiay) (Emmanuel Mudiay) Emmanuel Mudiay are others who gained significant international attention in basketball. Several Congolese players and players of Congolese descent—including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romelu_Lukaku) (Romelu Lukaku) Romelu Lukaku , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick_Bolasie) (Yannick Bolasie) Yannick Bolasie , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoane_Wissa) (Yoane Wissa) Yoane Wissa , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieumerci_Mbokani) (Dieumerci Mbokani) Dieumerci Mbokani —have gained prominence in world football. DR Congo has twice won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations) (Africa Cup of Nations) African Cup of Nations football tournament.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2026)) citation needed   ]   DR Congo's women's national volleyball team lastly qualified for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Women's_African_Nations_Volleyball_Championship) (2021 Women's African Nations Volleyball Championship) 2021 Women's African Nations Volleyball Championship .[ 342]    The country featured a national team in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball) (Beach volleyball) beach volleyball that competed at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018–2020_CAVB_Beach_Volleyball_Continental_Cup) (2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup) 2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup in both the women's and the men's section.[ 343]    [ 344]       See also  (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Portal:Democratic Republic of the Congo) Democratic Republic of the Congo portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries) (Portal:Countries) Countries portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg) (map)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa) (Portal:Africa) Africa portal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Outline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Outline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo–South_Sudan_border) (Democratic Republic of the Congo–South Sudan border) Democratic Republic of the Congo–South Sudan border  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo    Notes   ↑   The term "Kikongo" in the Constitution is actually referring to the Kituba language – which is known as Kikongo ya leta by its speakers – not the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_language) (Kongo language) Kongo language proper. The confusion arises from the fact that the government of the DRC officially recognizes and refers to the language as "Kikongo".  ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French : République démocratique du Congo, RDC (./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  , pronounced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French) (Help:IPA/French) [ ʁepyblik demɔkʁatik dy kɔ̃ɡo]   (./Category:Pages_with_French_IPA)    ↑   "Congo" ambiguously also refers to the neighbouring (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo) (Republic of the Congo) Republic of the Congo .  ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire) (Zaire) Its official name from 1971 to 1997 .  ↑   In terms of annual carats produced      References  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   ↑   (https://2017-2021.state.gov/countries-areas/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/) "Democratic Republic of the Congo" . 2017-2021.state.gov . Retrieved 3 July 2026 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fcongo-democratic-republic-of-the%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/dr-congo) "DR Congo" . worldpopulationreview.com . World Population Review. 1 January 2026. Retrieved 8 August 2026 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Army+disarray+hobbles+Congo%27s+fight+with+Rwanda-backed+rebels%2C+officers+say&rft.date=2024-07-04&rft.aulast=Rolley&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Farmy-disarray-hobbles-congos-fight-with-rwanda-backed-rebels-officers-say-2024-07-04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   BBC. (9 October 2013). "DR Congo: Cursed by its natural wealth". (https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24396390) BBC News website (https://web.archive.org/web/20180531054859/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24396390) Archived 31 May 2018 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  Retrieved 9 December 2017.   ↑   Tshinu, G. M. (2022). 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Profile%3A+Dem.+Rep.+of+the+Congo&rft.pub=UN+Trade+and+Development&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Functadstat.unctad.org%2FCountryProfile%2FGeneralProfile%2Fen-GB%2F180%2FGeneralProfile180.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    1  2   CIA World Factbook I , "Economy".  ↑   CIA World Factbook I , People and Society.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Robyn Dixon (12 April 2018). (https://www.latimes.com/world/africa/la-fg-congo-crisis-20180412-story.html) "Violence is roiling the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Some say it's a strategy to keep the president in power" . Los Angeles Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180608045928/http://www.latimes.com/world/africa/la-fg-congo-crisis-20180412-story.html) Archived from the original on 8 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo.+La+R%C3%A9publique+D%C3%A9mocratique+du+Congo&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-643-13473-8&rft.aulast=Bobineau&rft.aufirst=Julien&rft.au=Gieg%2C+Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFmadDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kisangani, Emizet Francois (2016). (https://books.google.com/books?id=sj9mDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158) Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 158. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7316-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7316-0) 978-1-4422-7316-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-7316-0&rft.aulast=Kisangani&rft.aufirst=Emizet+Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsj9mDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Anderson, David (2000). (https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79) Africa's Urban Past  . James Currey Publishers. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-761-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-761-7) 978-0-85255-761-7  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20191201133106/https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79) Archived from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%27s+Urban+Past&rft.pub=James+Currey+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85255-761-7&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0IwMwBVfr0sC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   Nelson, Samuel Henry. Colonialism In The Congo Basin, 1880–1940. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1994  1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Emizet Francois Kisangani; Scott F. Bobb (2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PR51) Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  . Scarecrow Press. p. i. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6325-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6325-5) 978-0-8108-6325-5  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220311161025/https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PR51) Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft.pages=i&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6325-5&rft.au=Emizet+Francois+Kisangani&rft.au=Scott+F.+Bobb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFvAWPTaRvFYC%26pg%3DPR51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   Forbath, Peter. The River Congo (1977), p. 19.  ↑   Ghislain C. Kabwit, Zaïre: the Roots of the Continuing Crisis , Cambridge University Press, 1979  ↑   Jean-Jacques Arthur Malu-Malu, Le Congo Kinshasa , KARTHALA Editions, 2014, p.  171   ↑   James Barbot, An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700 (1746). 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNICEF&rft.atitle=DR+Congo%3A+Children%27s+access+to+education+under+threat+from+ongoing+violence+in+Kasai+region&rft.date=2017-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fpress-releases%2Fdr-congo-childrens-access-education-under-threat-ongoing-violence-kasai-region&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)      1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://dlca.logcluster.org/51-democratic-republic-congo-acronyms-and-abbreviations) "5.1 Democratic Republic of the Congo Acronyms and Abbreviations | Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230508184028/https://dlca.logcluster.org/51-democratic-republic-congo-acronyms-and-abbreviations) Archived from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5.1+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo+Acronyms+and+Abbreviations+%26%23124%3B+Digital+Logistics+Capacity+Assessments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdlca.logcluster.org%2F51-democratic-republic-congo-acronyms-and-abbreviations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Weigert, Stephen L. (2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=wUpdAQAAQBAJ&q=droc) Angola: A Modern Military History, 1961–2002  (electronic ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan) (Palgrave Macmillan) Palgrave Macmillan . pp. PT122, PT157. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-33783-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-230-33783-1) 978-0-230-33783-1  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210315110703/https://books.google.com/books?id=wUpdAQAAQBAJ&q=droc) Archived from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angola%3A+A+Modern+Military+History%2C+1961%E2%80%932002&rft.pages=PT122%2C+PT157&rft.edition=electronic&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-33783-1&rft.aulast=Weigert&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwUpdAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddroc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=7uNZAAAAYAAJ&q=droc) Worldmark Yearbook 2000  . Vol. 1. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Group) (Gale Group) Gale Group . 2000. pp. 79, 645. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-4933-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-4933-3) 978-0-7876-4933-3  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200811185537/https://books.google.com/books?id=7uNZAAAAYAAJ&q=droc) Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldmark+Yearbook+2000&rft.pages=79%2C+645&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-4933-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7uNZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Ddroc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Thom, William G. (Fall 1999). (https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4358/5015) "Congo-Zaire's 1996-97 civil war in the context of evolving patterns of military conflict in Africa in the era of independence" . Journal of Conflict Studies . XIX (2). (https://web.archive.org/web/20210126041112/https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4358/5015) Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Studies&rft.atitle=Congo-Zaire%27s+1996-97+civil+war+in+the+context+of+evolving+patterns+of+military+conflict+in+Africa+in+the+era+of+independence&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=XIX&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Thom&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2Fjcs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4358%2F5015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ballinger, Benjamin; Stringer, Martin; Schmeda-Lopez, Diego R.; Kefford, Benjamin; Parkinson, Brett; Greig, Chris; Smart, Simon (December 2019). "The vulnerability of electric vehicle deployment to critical mineral supply". Applied Energy . 255 113844. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ApEn..25513844B) 2019ApEn..25513844B . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2019.113844) 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113844 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Energy&rft.atitle=The+vulnerability+of+electric+vehicle+deployment+to+critical+mineral+supply&rft.volume=255&rft.artnum=113844&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2019.113844&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019ApEn..25513844B&rft.aulast=Ballinger&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Stringer%2C+Martin&rft.au=Schmeda-Lopez%2C+Diego+R.&rft.au=Kefford%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Parkinson%2C+Brett&rft.au=Greig%2C+Chris&rft.au=Smart%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Starbird, Caroline; Deboer, Dale; Pettit, Jenny (2004). (https://books.google.com/books?id=EKiS9SZNPe0C&pg=PA78) Teaching International Economics and Trade  . Center for Teaching International Relations, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Denver) (University of Denver) University of Denver . p. 78. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943804-92-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-943804-92-7) 978-0-943804-92-7  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150319004856/http://books.google.com/books?id=EKiS9SZNPe0C&pg=PA78) Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Aid Applicant: the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC).  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+International+Economics+and+Trade&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Center+for+Teaching+International+Relations%2C+University+of+Denver&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-943804-92-7&rft.aulast=Starbird&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Deboer%2C+Dale&rft.au=Pettit%2C+Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEKiS9SZNPe0C%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative) (Office of the United States Trade Representative) Office of the United States Trade Representative (2003). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives) (United States House of Representatives) United States House of Representatives (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means) (United States House Committee on Ways and Means) Committee on Ways and Means (ed.). (https://books.google.com/books?id=HnGGEqGukvgC&pg=PA87) Comprehensive Report on U.S. Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa  . Message from the President of the United States. United States Government Printing Office. p. 87. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-5014-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-5014-6) 978-1-4289-5014-6  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180720072103/https://books.google.com/books?id=HnGGEqGukvgC&pg=PA87) Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC) will become eligible for AGOA trade benefits upon formation of a transitional government.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Report+on+U.S.+Trade+and+Investment+Policy+Toward+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4289-5014-6&rft.au=Office+of+the+United+States+Trade+Representative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHnGGEqGukvgC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)      ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Thornton, John K. (2020). "The Development of States in West Central Africa to 1540". A History of West Central Africa to 1850 . pp. 16– 55. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316411568) 10.1017/9781316411568 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-41156-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-316-41156-8) 978-1-316-41156-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+States+in+West+Central+Africa+to+1540&rft.btitle=A+History+of+West+Central+Africa+to+1850&rft.pages=16-55&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316411568&rft.isbn=978-1-316-41156-8&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Thornton, John (March 2024). (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853724000161) "Mwene Muji: A Medieval Empire in Central Africa?" . The Journal of African History . 65 (1): 30– 46. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853724000161) 10.1017/S0021853724000161  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/2144%2F49396) 2144/49396  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Mwene+Muji%3A+A+Medieval+Empire+in+Central+Africa%3F&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-46&rft.date=2024-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2144%2F49396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853724000161&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0021853724000161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Clay, Rebecca A. (1999). "Review of King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa". The Wilson Quarterly . 23 (1): 103– 104. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40259862) 40259862 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Review+of+King+Leopold%27s+Ghost%3A+A+Story+of+Greed%2C+Terror+and+Heroism+in+Colonial+Africa&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-104&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40259862%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clay&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sanderson, Jean-Paul (2020). "Du reflux à la croissance démographique : comment la démographie congolaise a-t-elle été influencée par la colonisation ?". In Goddeeris, Idesbald; Lauro, Amandine; Vanthemsche, Guy (eds.). Le Congo colonial: Une histoire en questions (in French). Renaissance du Livre. p. 124. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.14375%2FNP.9782369439875) 10.14375/NP.9782369439875 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-507-05788-6) (Special:BookSources/978-2-507-05788-6) 978-2-507-05788-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Du+reflux+%C3%A0+la+croissance+d%C3%A9mographique+%3A+comment+la+d%C3%A9mographie+congolaise+a-t-elle+%C3%A9t%C3%A9+influenc%C3%A9e+par+la+colonisation+%3F&rft.btitle=Le+Congo+colonial%3A+Une+histoire+en+questions&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Renaissance+du+Livre&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14375%2FNP.9782369439875&rft.isbn=978-2-507-05788-6&rft.aulast=Sanderson&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)  (./Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Ndaywel_è_Nziem) (Isidore Ndaywel è Nziem) Ndaywel è Nziem, Isidore . Histoire générale du Congo: De l'héritage ancien à la République Démocratique [ General History of the Congo: From Ancient Heritage to the Democratic Republic ] (in French). (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+du+Congo%3A+De+l%27h%C3%A9ritage+ancien+%C3%A0+la+R%C3%A9publique+D%C3%A9mocratique&rft.aulast=Ndaywel+%C3%A8+Nziem&rft.aufirst=Isidore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)  (./Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    ↑   Congo 1960, dossiers du CRISP, Belgium  ↑   "(http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,826488-4,00.html) Jungle Shipwreck (https://web.archive.org/web/20141216231712/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,826488-4,00.html) Archived 16 December 2014 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ", Time , 25 July 1960.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Welcome?message=Please%20log%20in&url=%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.cow%2Fcowcs0092%26size%3D2%26collection%3Dcow%26id%3D1) "- HeinOnline.org" . www.heinonline.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20181116131729/https://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Welcome?message=Please%20log%20in&url=%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.cow%2Fcowcs0092%26size%3D2%26collection%3Dcow%26id%3D1) Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heinonline.org&rft.atitle=-+HeinOnline.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinonline.org%2FHOL%2FWelcome%3Fmessage%3DPlease%2520log%2520in%26url%3D%252FHOL%252FPage%253Fhandle%253Dhein.cow%252Fcowcs0092%2526size%253D2%2526collection%253Dcow%2526id%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/united_nations_congo.htm) "The United Nations and the Congo" . Historylearningsite.co.uk. 30 March 2007. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130601233005/http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/united_nations_congo.htm) Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+and+the+Congo&rft.pub=Historylearningsite.co.uk&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylearningsite.co.uk%2Funited_nations_congo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Nzongola-Ntalaja) (Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja) Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2007). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/congofromleopold00geor) The Congo, From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History   (3rd ed.). New York: Palgrave. p. 108. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-053-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-053-5) 978-1-84277-053-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo%2C+From+Leopold+to+Kabila%3A+A+People%27s+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=108&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-053-5&rft.aulast=Nzongola-Ntalaja&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcongofromleopold00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.versobooks.com/products/1754-the-assassination-of-lumumba) "The Assassination of Lumumba" . Verso . Retrieved 1 September 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verso&rft.atitle=The+Assassination+of+Lumumba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.versobooks.com%2Fproducts%2F1754-the-assassination-of-lumumba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.democracynow.org/2011/1/21/patrice_lumumba_50_years_later_remembering) "Patrice Lumumba: 50 Years Later, Remembering the U.S.-Backed Assassination of Congo's First Democratically Elected Leader" . Democracy Now! . 21 January 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150310085021/http://www.democracynow.org/2011/1/21/patrice_lumumba_50_years_later_remembering) Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=Patrice+Lumumba%3A+50+Years+Later%2C+Remembering+the+U.S.-Backed+Assassination+of+Congo%27s+First+Democratically+Elected+Leader&rft.date=2011-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2011%2F1%2F21%2Fpatrice_lumumba_50_years_later_remembering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgians-accused-of-war-crimes-in-killing-of-congo-leader-lumumba-2007587.html) "Belgians accused of war crimes in killing of Congo leader Lumumba" . The Independent . 23 June 2010. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225243/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgians-accused-of-war-crimes-in-killing-of-congo-leader-lumumba-2007587.html) Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Belgians+accused+of+war+crimes+in+killing+of+Congo+leader+Lumumba&rft.date=2010-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fbelgians-accused-of-war-crimes-in-killing-of-congo-leader-lumumba-2007587.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abbott, Peter (2014). (https://books.google.com/books?id=j6ajCwAAQBAJ) Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002  . Oxford; New York City: Osprey Publishing. pp. 14– 18. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-076-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-076-1) 978-1-78200-076-1  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230111170046/https://books.google.com/books?id=j6ajCwAAQBAJ) Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+African+Wars+%284%29%3A+The+Congo+1960%E2%80%932002&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York+City&rft.pages=14-18&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78200-076-1&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj6ajCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kanza) (Thomas Kanza) Kanza, Thomas R. (1994). The Rise and Fall of Patrice Lumumba: Conflict in the Congo (expanded ed.). Rochester, Vermont: Schenkman Books, Inc. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87073-901-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-87073-901-9) 978-0-87073-901-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Patrice+Lumumba%3A+Conflict+in+the+Congo&rft.place=Rochester%2C+Vermont&rft.edition=expanded&rft.pub=Schenkman+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87073-901-9&rft.aulast=Kanza&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Payanzo, Ntsomo. (https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo) "Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)" . britannica.com . Encyclopædia Britannica. (https://web.archive.org/web/20151009021241/https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo) Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2015 . 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Archived from (https://www.target-sarl.cd/en/content/target-survey-french-most-spoken-language-drc-far-ahead-lingala) the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Target+Survey%3A+French%2C+the+most+spoken+language+in+DRC%2C+far+ahead+of+Lingala&rft.date=2021-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.target-sarl.cd%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Ftarget-survey-french-most-spoken-language-drc-far-ahead-lingala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie) (Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (2014). (https://web.archive.org/web/20150702202909/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/) La langue française dans le monde 2014  . Paris: Éditions Nathan. p. 30. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0) (Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0) 978-2-09-882654-0  . Archived from (http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/) the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+langue+fran%C3%A7aise+dans+le+monde+2014&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Nathan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-09-882654-0&rft.au=Organisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francophonie.org%2FLangue-Francaise-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lu, Marcus (31 August 2024). (https://www.visualcapitalist.com/mapped-top-15-countries-by-native-french-speakers/) "Mapped: Top 15 Countries by Native French Speakers" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240909055645/https://www.visualcapitalist.com/mapped-top-15-countries-by-native-french-speakers/) Archived from the original on 9 September 2024. Retrieved 6 September 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapped%3A+Top+15+Countries+by+Native+French+Speakers&rft.date=2024-08-31&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visualcapitalist.com%2Fmapped-top-15-countries-by-native-french-speakers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie) (Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (2014). (https://web.archive.org/web/20150702202909/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/) La langue française dans le monde 2014  . Paris: Éditions Nathan. p. 117. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0) (Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0) 978-2-09-882654-0  . Archived from (http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/) the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+langue+fran%C3%A7aise+dans+le+monde+2014&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Nathan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-09-882654-0&rft.au=Organisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francophonie.org%2FLangue-Francaise-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSF_(radio_station)) (TSF (radio station)) TSF . (https://tsf.sapo.pt/PaginaInicial/Portugal/Interior.aspx?content_id=1585824) Português adoptado como língua opcional nas escolas da RD Congo (https://web.archive.org/web/20100912020825/http://tsf.sapo.pt/PaginaInicial/Portugal/Interior.aspx?content_id=1585824) Archived 12 September 2010 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)     ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rich, Jeremy (2020). "The CPRA and Angolan Refugees in the DRC, 1961–1967". Protestant Missionaries & Humanitarianism in the DRC: The Politics of Aid in Cold War Africa . Boydell & Brewer. pp. 83– 107. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781787449350) 10.1017/9781787449350 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-258-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-258-6) 978-1-84701-258-6  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv105bbns.9) j.ctv105bbns.9 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+CPRA+and+Angolan+Refugees+in+the+DRC%2C+1961%E2%80%931967&rft.btitle=Protestant+Missionaries+%26+Humanitarianism+in+the+DRC%3A+The+Politics+of+Aid+in+Cold+War+Africa&rft.pages=83-107&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv105bbns.9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781787449350&rft.isbn=978-1-84701-258-6&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   Azad Essa. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enqu%C3%AAte+D%C3%A9mographique+et+de+Sant%C3%A9+%28EDS-RDC%29+2013%E2%80%932014&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+du+Plan+et+Suivi+de+la+Mise+en+%C5%93uvre+de+la+R%C3%A9volution+de+la+Modernit%C3%A9%2C+Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+Sant%C3%A9+Publique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdhsprogram.com%2Fpubs%2Fpdf%2FFR300%2FFR300.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)  (./Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-percentages/) "Global Religious Landscape" . Pew Forum. 18 December 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140518013537/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-percentages/) Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Religious+Landscape&rft.pub=Pew+Forum&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Ftable-religious-composition-by-country-in-percentages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf) "Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS-RDC) 2013–2014" (PDF) . Dhsprogram.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190605/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2018 . 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USA today. Archived from (https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-05-20-childwitch_N.htm) the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=world+news&rft.atitle=Children+in+Congo+forced+into+exorcisms&rft.date=2009-05-21&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2009-05-20-childwitch_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en oeuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM); Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP); (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICF_International) (ICF International) ICF International . (http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf) Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014  (PDF) . pp. 41– 3. 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UN News . 12 August 2020. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201201131738/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/08/1070112) Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+News&rft.atitle=Millions+%27on+the+edge%27+in+DR+Congo%2C+now+in+even+greater+danger+of+tipping+over%3A+WFP&rft.date=2020-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2020%2F08%2F1070112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://aqli.epic.uchicago.edu/the-index/) "The Air Quality Life Index (AQLI)" . AQLI . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200820013309/https://aqli.epic.uchicago.edu/the-index/) Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AQLI&rft.atitle=The+Air+Quality+Life+Index+%28AQLI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faqli.epic.uchicago.edu%2Fthe-index%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Environment, U. N. (31 August 2021). (http://www.unep.org/resources/report/regulating-air-quality-first-global-assessment-air-pollution-legislation) "Regulating Air Quality: the First Global Assessment of Air Pollution Legislation" . UNEP – UN Environment Programme . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220824235933/https://www.unep.org/resources/report/regulating-air-quality-first-global-assessment-air-pollution-legislation) Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNEP+%E2%80%93+UN+Environment+Programme&rft.atitle=Regulating+Air+Quality%3A+the+First+Global+Assessment+of+Air+Pollution+Legislation&rft.date=2021-08-31&rft.aulast=Environment&rft.aufirst=U.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fresources%2Freport%2Fregulating-air-quality-first-global-assessment-air-pollution-legislation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   De Boeck, Filip & Plissart, Marie-Françoise. (2004) Kinshasa: Tales of the Invisible City Ludion. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5544-528-2) (Special:BookSources/90-5544-528-2) 90-5544-528-2  . Photography and analysis of everyday life in Kinshasa, together with extensive quotations from contemporary Congolese. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FIVB&rft.atitle=Continental+Cup+Finals+start+in+Africa&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fivb.com%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fcontinental-cup-finals-start-in-africa%3Fid%3D94414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://xscore808.com/congo-dr-at-the-fifa-world-cup-2026-after-52-year-wait/) "Congo DR at the FIFA World Cup 2026: After 52-year wait" . Xscore808 . 21 April 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260422055915/https://xscore808.com/congo-dr-at-the-fifa-world-cup-2026-after-52-year-wait/) Archived from the original on 22 April 2026. Retrieved 21 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xscore808&rft.atitle=Congo+DR+at+the+FIFA+World+Cup+2026%3A+After+52-year+wait&rft.date=2026-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxscore808.com%2Fcongo-dr-at-the-fifa-world-cup-2026-after-52-year-wait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)       Sources  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210222023329/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/) "Congo, Democratic Republic of the" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/) the original on 22 February 2021. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Congo%2C+Democratic+Republic+of+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fcongo-democratic-republic-of-the%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20041126015216/http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cg.html) "Congo, Democratic Republic of the" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cg.html) the original on 26 November 2004. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Congo%2C+Democratic+Republic+of+the&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fcia%2Fpublications%2Ffactbook%2Fgeos%2Fcg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20001018091756/http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cg.html) "Congo, Democratic Republic of the" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cg.html) the original on 18 October 2000. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Congo%2C+Democratic+Republic+of+the&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fcia%2Fpublications%2Ffactbook%2Fgeos%2Fcg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_2011) "Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 2005 (rev. 2011)" . Translated by Ruchti, Jefri J. Constitute Project. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congo+%28Democratic+Republic+of+the%29+2005+%28rev.+2011%29&rft.pub=Constitute+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FDemocratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Damania, Richard; Barra, Alvaro Federico; Burnouf, Mathilde; Russ, Jason Daniel (2016). (https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/135731468184171732/pdf/103695-WP-P145907-PUBLIC-Transport-Economic-Growth-and-Deforestation-in-the-Democratic-Republic-of-Congo-1-13-16.pdf) "Transport, Economic Growth, and Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Spatial Analysis" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250214000716/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/135731468184171732/pdf/103695-WP-P145907-PUBLIC-Transport-Economic-Growth-and-Deforestation-in-the-Democratic-Republic-of-Congo-1-13-16.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2025. Retrieved 6 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transport%2C+Economic+Growth%2C+and+Deforestation+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo%3A+A+Spatial+Analysis&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Damania&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Barra%2C+Alvaro+Federico&rft.au=Burnouf%2C+Mathilde&rft.au=Russ%2C+Jason+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments1.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fen%2F135731468184171732%2Fpdf%2F103695-WP-P145907-PUBLIC-Transport-Economic-Growth-and-Deforestation-in-the-Democratic-Republic-of-Congo-1-13-16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Foster, Vivien; Benitez, Daniel Alberto (2010). (https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/sites/default/files/2022-06/AICD-DRC-country-report.pdf) "The Democratic Republic of Congo's Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250307211604/https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/sites/default/files/2022-06/AICD-DRC-country-report.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2025. Retrieved 7 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo%27s+Infrastructure%3A+A+Continental+Perspective&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft.au=Benitez%2C+Daniel+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fppp.worldbank.org%2Fpublic-private-partnership%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2022-06%2FAICD-DRC-country-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gondola, Ch. Didier (2002). The History of Congo . Westport, Connecticut: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Press) (Greenwood Press) Greenwood Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31696-1) (Special:BookSources/0-313-31696-1) 0-313-31696-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Congo&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-313-31696-1&rft.aulast=Gondola&rft.aufirst=Ch.+Didier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Landry, David G. (May 2018). (https://int.nyt.com/data/documenttools/01911-sicomines-workingpaper-landry-v6/fd147a81df0bb6b9/full.pdf) "The risks and rewards of Resources-for-Infrastructure deals: Lessons from the Congo's Sicomines agreement" (PDF) . China-Africa Research Initiative . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University) (Johns Hopkins University) Johns Hopkins University . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China-Africa+Research+Initiative&rft.atitle=The+risks+and+rewards+of+Resources-for-Infrastructure+deals%3A+Lessons+from+the+Congo%27s+Sicomines+agreement&rft.date=2018-05&rft.aulast=Landry&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fint.nyt.com%2Fdata%2Fdocumenttools%2F01911-sicomines-workingpaper-landry-v6%2Ffd147a81df0bb6b9%2Ffull.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Meditz, Sandra W.; Merrill, Tim, eds. (1994). Zaire: A Country Study (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division) (Federal Research Division) Federal Research Division , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress) (Library of Congress) Library of Congress . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) (LCCN (identifier)) LCCN  (https://lccn.loc.gov/94025092) 94025092 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zaire%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F94025092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Reyntjens, Filip (2009). The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006 . Cambridge: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511596698) 10.1017/CBO9780511596698 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11128-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11128-7) 978-0-521-11128-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+African+War%3A+Congo+and+Regional+Geopolitics%2C+1996%E2%80%932006&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511596698&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11128-7&rft.aulast=Reyntjens&rft.aufirst=Filip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Young, M. Crawford; Turner, Thomas Edwin (2013). The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-10113-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-299-10113-8) 978-0-299-10113-8  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.36032726) jj.36032726 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/827948934) 827948934 . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Muse) (Project Muse) Project MUSE  (https://muse.jhu.edu/book/21495) book 21495 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Zairian+State&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F827948934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.36032726%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-299-10113-8&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=M.+Crawford&rft.au=Turner%2C+Thomas+Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)      Further reading   Butcher, Tim, Blood River: The Terrifying Journey Through the World's Most Dangerous Country , 2009. Clark, John F., The African Stakes of the Congo War , 2004. Callaghy, T., The State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective . New York: Columbia University Press, 1984, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-05720-2) (Special:BookSources/0-231-05720-2) 0-231-05720-2  . Deibert, Michael: The Democratic Republic of Congo: Between Hope and Despair , Zed Books, 2013. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Devlin) (Larry Devlin) Devlin, Larry (2007). Chief of Station, Congo: A Memoir of 1960–67 . New York: PublicAffairs. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-405-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-405-7) 978-1-58648-405-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chief+of+Station%2C+Congo%3A+A+Memoir+of+1960%E2%80%9367&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-405-7&rft.aulast=Devlin&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo)   Drummond, Bill and Manning, Mark, The Wild Highway , 2005. Edgerton, Robert, The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo . St. Martin's Press, 2002. Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. (http://eeecon.uibk.ac.at/wopec2/repec/inn/wpaper/2007-31.pdf) The Dark Side of Globalization. The Vicious Cycle of Exploitation from World Market Integration: Lesson from the Congo  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110815122645/http://eeecon.uibk.ac.at/wopec2/repec/inn/wpaper/2007-31.pdf) Archived 15 August 2011 at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  , Working Papers in Economics and Statistics 31, University Innsbruck 2007. Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110901165807/http://vkc.library.uu.nl/vkc/seh/research/Lists/Events/Attachments/6/Paper.ExenbergerHartmann.pdf) Doomed to Disaster? Long-term Trajectories of Exploitation in the Congo  , Paper to be presented at the Workshop "Colonial Extraction in the Netherlands Indies and Belgian Congo: Institutions, Institutional Change and Long Term Consequences", Utrecht 3–4 December 2010. Gondola, Ch. Didier, "The History of Congo", Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002. Joris, Lieve, translated by Waters, Liz, The Rebels' Hour , Atlantic, 2008. Justenhoven, Heinz-Gerhard; Ehrhart, Hans Georg. Intervention im Kongo: eine kritische Analyse der Befriedungspolitik von UN und EU. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart) (Stuttgart) Stuttgart : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag) (Kohlhammer Verlag) Kohlhammer Verlag , 2008. (In German) (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-17-020781-3) (Special:BookSources/978-3-17-020781-3) 978-3-17-020781-3  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Kingsolver) (Barbara Kingsolver) Kingsolver, Barbara . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poisonwood_Bible) (The Poisonwood Bible) The Poisonwood Bible  HarperCollins, 1998. Larémont, Ricardo René, ed. 2005. Borders, nationalism and the African state . Boulder, Colorado and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Lemarchand, Reni and Hamilton, Lee; Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide . Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1994. Mealer, Bryan: "All Things Must Fight To Live", 2008. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59691-345-2) (Special:BookSources/1-59691-345-2) 1-59691-345-2  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Melvern) (Linda Melvern) Melvern, Linda , Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide and the International Community . Verso, 2004. Miller, Eric: "The Inability of Peacekeeping to Address the Security Dilemma", 2010. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8383-4027-2) (Special:BookSources/978-3-8383-4027-2) 978-3-8383-4027-2  . Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era , Third Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, "Chapter Six: Congo in The Sixties: The Bleeding Heart of Africa", pp. 147–205, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9802534-1-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-9802534-1-2) 978-0-9802534-1-2  ; Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Africa and America in The Sixties: A Decade That Changed The Nation and The Destiny of A Continent , First Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9802534-2-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-9802534-2-9) 978-0-9802534-2-9  ; Congo in The Sixties , (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1448665709) (Special:BookSources/978-1448665709) 978-1448665709  , 2009; Africa: Dawn of a New Era , (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9987160488) (Special:BookSources/978-9987160488) 978-9987160488  , 2015. Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges, The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History , 2002. O'Hanlon, Redmond, Congo Journey , 1996. O'Hanlon, Redmond, No Mercy: A Journey into the Heart of the Congo , 1998. Prunier, Gérard, Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe , 2011 (also published as From Genocide to Continental War: The Congolese Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa: The Congo Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa ). Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo. The Congo: Plunder and Resistance , 2007. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-485-4) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-485-4) 978-1-84277-485-4  . Reyntjens, Filip, The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006  , 2009. Rorison, Sean, Bradt Travel Guide: Congo  — Democratic Republic/Republic , 2008. Schulz, Manfred. Entwicklungsträger in der DR Kongo: Entwicklungen in Politik, Wirtschaft, Religion, Zivilgesellschaft und Kultur , Berlin: Lit, 2008, (in German) (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-0425-1) (Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-0425-1) 978-3-8258-0425-1  . Stearns, Jason: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_in_the_Glory_of_Monsters:_The_Collapse_of_the_Congo_and_the_Great_War_of_Africa) (Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa) Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa  , Public Affairs, 2011. Tayler, Jeffrey, Facing the Congo , 2001. Turner, Thomas, The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth and Reality , 2007. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Van_Reybrouck) (David Van Reybrouck) Van Reybrouck , David, Congo: The Epic History of a People , 2014 Wrong, Michela, In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo .    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limited recognition) States with limited recognition   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic) (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_dispute) (Territorial dispute) unclear sovereignty ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland) (Somaliland) Somaliland      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory) (Dependent territory) Dependent territories    France (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean) (Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean) Îles Éparses      United Kingdom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha) (Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha) Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha         African territories fully part of non-African states  France (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte) (Mayotte) Mayotte  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Réunion) (Réunion) Réunion      Italy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantelleria) (Pantelleria) Pantelleria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagian_Islands) (Pelagian Islands) Pelagian Islands      Portugal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira) (Madeira) Madeira  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage_Islands) (Savage Islands) Savage Islands      Spain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands) (Canary Islands) Canary Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta) (Ceuta) Ceuta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla) (Melilla) Melilla  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazas_de_soberanía) (Plazas de soberanía) Plazas de soberanía      Yemen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra) (Socotra) Socotra           (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Africa) (Category:Africa) Category   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg) (Portal) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa) (Portal:Africa) Africa portal          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Southern_African_Development_Community) (Template:Southern African Development Community) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_African_Development_Community) (Template talk:Southern African Development Community) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_African_Development_Community) (Special:EditPage/Template:Southern African Development Community) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community) (Southern African Development Community) Southern African Development Community (SADC)   Member states (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola) (Angola) Angola  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana) (Botswana) Botswana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini) (Eswatini) Eswatini  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho) (Lesotho) Lesotho  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar) (Madagascar) Madagascar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi) (Malawi) Malawi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius) (Mauritius) Mauritius  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique) (Mozambique) Mozambique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia) (Namibia) Namibia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles) (Seychelles) Seychelles  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa) (South Africa) South Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania) (Tanzania) Tanzania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia) (Zambia) Zambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe) (Zimbabwe) Zimbabwe      Leaders  Chairpersons (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa) (Levy Mwanawasa) Levy Mwanawasa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe) (Kgalema Motlanthe) Kgalema Motlanthe      Secretaries-General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaire_Mbuende) (Kaire Mbuende) Kaire Mbuende  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prega_Ramsamy) (Prega Ramsamy) Prega Ramsamy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomaz_Salomão) (Tomaz Salomão) Tomaz Salomão           Peacekeeping missions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADC_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo) (SADC Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo) Democratic Republic of Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADC_Mission_in_Mozambique) (SADC Mission in Mozambique) Mozambique      See also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Coordination_Conference) (Southern African Development Coordination Conference) Southern African Development Coordination Conference (forerunner)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union) (Southern African Customs Union) Southern African Customs Union (SACU)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Monetary_Area) (Common Monetary Area) Common Monetary Area (CMA)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa) (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:African_Union) (Template:African Union) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union) (Template talk:African Union) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union) (Special:EditPage/Template:African Union) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union) (History of the African Union) History  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism) (Pan-Africanism) Pan-Africanism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa) (Decolonisation of Africa) Decolonisation of Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_African_States) (Union of African States) Union of African States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca_Group) (Casablanca Group) Casablanca Group  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrovia_Group) (Monrovia Group) Monrovia Group  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union) (African and Malagasy Union) African and Malagasy Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Monetary_Union) (African Monetary Union) Abuja Treaty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirte_Declaration) (Sirte Declaration) Sirte Declaration  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union) (Constitutive Act of the African Union) Lome Summit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity) (Organisation of African Unity) Organisation of African Unity  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity) (Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity) Chairperson  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity) (Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity) Secretary General        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union) (Geography of the African Union) Geography  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union) (Countries bordering the African Union) Borders  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union) (Extreme points of the African Union) Extreme points  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union) (Member states of the African Union) Member states  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union) (Regions of the African Union) Regions      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union) (Organs of the African Union) Organs   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union) (Executive Council of the African Union) Executive Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Representatives'_Committee_of_the_African_Union) (Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union) Permanent Representatives' Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union) (Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union) Specialized Technical Committees      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union) (Assembly of the African Union) Assembly  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union) (Chairperson of the African Union) Chairperson      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Commission) (African Union Commission) Commission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission) (Chairperson of the African Union Commission) Chairperson  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission) (Chairperson of the African Union Commission) Deputy Chairperson  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex) (African Union Conference Center and Office Complex) AUCC  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election) (2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election) 2025 election      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament) (Pan-African Parliament) Pan-African Parliament  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament) (Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament) Bureau  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament) (Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament) Secretariat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre) (Gallagher Convention Centre) Gallagher Estate      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union) (Court of Justice of the African Union) African Court of Justice  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples'_Rights) (African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights) African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council) (Economic, Social and Cultural Council) ECOSOCC Committees  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Education,_Science,_Technology_and_Innovation) (African Union Department of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation) Department of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Political_Affairs,_Peace_and_Security) (African Union Department of Political Affairs, Peace and Security) Department of Political Affairs, Peace and Security  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Infrastructure_and_Energy?action=edit&redlink=1) (African Union Department of Infrastructure and Energy (page does not exist)) Department of Infrastructure and Energy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Health,_Humanitarian_Affairs_and_Social_Development) (African Union Department of Health, Humanitarian Affairs and Social Development) Department of Health, Humanitarian Affairs and Social Development  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee) (Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee) HR, Sciences and Technology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Agriculture) (African Union Department of Agriculture) Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, and Blue Economy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Economic_Development,_Trade,_Tourism,_Industry,_Mining) (African Union Department of Economic Development, Trade, Tourism, Industry, Mining) Department of Economic Development, Trade, Tourism, Industry, Mining  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee) (Cross-Cutting Programs Committee) Cross-Cutting Programs      Financial institutions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Central_Bank) (African Central Bank) African Central Bank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund) (African Monetary Fund) African Monetary Fund  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Investment_Bank) (African Investment Bank) African Investment Bank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_Payment_and_Settlement_System) (Pan-African Payment and Settlement System) Pan-African Payment and Settlement System      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council) (Peace and Security Council) Peace and Security Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises) (African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises) ACIRC  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Standby_Force) (African Standby Force) African Standby Force  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise) (Panel of the Wise) Panel of the Wise  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations–African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur) (United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur) UNAMID  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi) (African Union Mission in Burundi) AMIB  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan) (African Union Mission in Sudan) AMIS  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia) (African Union Mission to Somalia) AMISOM  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MISCA) (MISCA) MISCA      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencies_of_the_African_Union) (Agencies of the African Union) Specialised agencies and institutions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention) (Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention) Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Civil_Aviation_Commission) (African Civil Aviation Commission) African Civil Aviation Commission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Energy_Commission) (African Energy Commission) African Energy Commission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afripol) (Afripol) Afripol  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Space_Agency) (African Space Agency) African Space Agency           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union) (Politics of the African Union) Politics   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism) (African Peer Review Mechanism) APRM  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union) (Foreign relations of the African Union) Foreign relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples'_Rights) (African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights) African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples'_Rights) (African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights) African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union) (Enlargement of the African Union) Enlargement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command) (United States Africa Command) United States Africa Command ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases) (List of United States military bases) United States military bases ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union) (List of United States ambassadors to the African Union) United States ambassadors  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union–Ethiopia_relations) (African Union–Ethiopia relations) African Union–Ethiopia relations      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union) (Symbols of the African Union) Symbols  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together) (Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together) Anthem  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union) (Emblem of the African Union) Emblem  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union) (Flag of the African Union) Flag  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Passport) (African Union Passport) Passport           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Africa) (Economy of Africa) Economy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa) (List of central banks of Africa) Currencies ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard) (Gold standard) Gold standard ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Development_Bank) (African Development Bank) Development Bank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Economic_Community) (African Economic Community) African Economic Community  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa's_Development) (New Partnership for Africa's Development) NEPAD  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area) (African Continental Free Trade Area) African Continental Free Trade Area (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa–CARICOM_Summit) (Africa–CARICOM Summit) Africa–CARICOM Summit    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market) (Single African Air Transport Market) Single African Air Transport Market  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-African_Highway_network) (Trans-African Highway network) Trans-African Highway network      Culture (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Day) (Africa Day) Africa Day/Africa–Caribbean (CARICOM) Day  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Border_Day) (African Border Day) African Border Day      Theory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Monetary_Union) (African Monetary Union) Afro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Africa) (Federal Africa) Federal Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa) (United States of Latin Africa) United States of Latin Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Federation) (East African Federation) East African Federation      (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:African_Union) (Category:African Union) Category         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie) (Template:La Francophonie) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie) (Template talk:La Francophonie) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie) (Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie) (Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) Organisation internationale de la Francophonie    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie) (Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) Members   Members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania) (Albania) Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra) (Andorra) Andorra  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia) (Armenia) Armenia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium) (Belgium) Belgium  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin) (Benin) Benin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria) (Bulgaria) Bulgaria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi) (Burundi) Burundi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia) (Cambodia) Cambodia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon) (Cameroon) Cameroon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada) (Canada) Canada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde) (Cape Verde) Cape Verde  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad) Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros) (Comoros) Comoros  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus) (Cyprus) Cyprus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo) (Republic of the Congo) Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica) (Dominica) Dominica  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea) (Equatorial Guinea) Equatorial Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) (France) France  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon) (Gabon) Gabon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana) (Ghana) Ghana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece) (Greece) Greece  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau) (Guinea-Bissau) Guinea-Bissau  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti) Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast) (Ivory Coast) Ivory Coast  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos) (Laos) Laos  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon) (Lebanon) Lebanon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg) (Luxembourg) Luxembourg  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia) (North Macedonia) North Macedonia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar) (Madagascar) Madagascar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania) (Mauritania) Mauritania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius) (Mauritius) Mauritius  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova) (Moldova) Moldova  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco) (Monaco) Monaco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) (Morocco) Morocco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania) (Romania) Romania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda) (Rwanda) Rwanda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia) (Saint Lucia) Saint Lucia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/São_Tomé_and_Príncipe) (São Tomé and Príncipe) São Tomé and Príncipe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles) (Seychelles) Seychelles  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) (Switzerland) Switzerland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo) (Togo) Togo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) (Tunisia) Tunisia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu) (Vanuatu) Vanuatu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam) (Vietnam) Vietnam      National/regional members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium) (French Community of Belgium) French Community of Belgium  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick) (New Brunswick) New Brunswick  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec) (Quebec) Quebec      Associate members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo) (Kosovo) Kosovo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia) (New Caledonia) New Caledonia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia) (Serbia) Serbia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates      Observers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola) (Angola) Angola  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina) (Argentina) Argentina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria) (Austria) Austria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Bosnia and Herzegovina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile) (Chile) Chile  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica) (Costa Rica) Costa Rica  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia) (Croatia) Croatia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic) (Czech Republic) Czechia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic) (Dominican Republic) Dominican Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia) (Estonia) Estonia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia) (French Polynesia) French Polynesia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia) (The Gambia) Gambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)) (Georgia (country)) Georgia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary) (Hungary) Hungary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland) (Republic of Ireland) Ireland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia) (Latvia) 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Uruguay      Suspended members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso) (Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea) (Guinea) Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali) Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger           Organization (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblée_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie) (Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie) Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_de_Coopération_Culturelle_et_Technique) (Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique) Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie) (Agence universitaire de la Francophonie) Agence universitaire de la Francophonie      Culture (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French language  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day) (UN French Language Day) UN French Language Day  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day) (International Francophonie Day) International Francophonie Day  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie) (Jeux de la Francophonie) Jeux de la Francophonie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie) (Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie) Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblée_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales) (Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales) AFFOI  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV5Monde) (TV5Monde) TV5Monde  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie) (LGBT rights in La Francophonie) LGBT rights      Related (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophone_economy) (Francophone economy) Francophone economy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senghor_University) (Senghor University) Senghor University      (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie) (Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) Category               (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control) (Help:Authority control) Authority control databases (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974#identifiers) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)       International (https://isni.org/isni/0000000122899107) ISNI   (https://viaf.org/viaf/134864542) VIAF   (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4067357-1) GND   (https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208723) FAST   (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbGQjgd4GrJ9wgw379FKd) WorldCat       National (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80061022) United States    (Notice de collectivité) (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13339496v) France   (Notice RAMEAU) (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934318b) 2      (Notice de collectivité) (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13339496v) BnF data   (Notice RAMEAU) (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934318b) 2      (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574550) Japan   (Demokratická republika Kongo) (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134279&CON_LNG=ENG) Czech Republic    (https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000135095&P_CON_LNG=ENG) Latvia   (https://libris.kb.se/jgvxw1623z0vp37) Sweden   (https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987013508129905171) Israel       Geographic (https://musicbrainz.org/area/d1733e16-9064-3181-961d-d56f8599969b) MusicBrainz area       Artists (http://kulturnav.org/3ba2a4a7-ce57-40a0-bb58-97af9c4de193) KulturNav     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