China - Wikipedia (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.imagemap.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediaBadges.ulsV2%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.skinning.content.parsoid%7Cmediawiki.skins.legacy%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (//upload.wikimedia.org) (/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (//meta.wikimedia.org)  (auth.wikimedia.org)   Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=China) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=China) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Top)   1 Etymology     2 History    Toggle History subsection  2.1 Prehistory     2.2 Ancient China     2.3 Imperial China   2.3.1 Classical period     2.3.2 Mid-imperial period     2.3.3 Late imperial period       2.4 Republic of China     2.5 People's Republic of China       3 Geography    Toggle Geography subsection  3.1 Environment     3.2 Political geography       4 Politics    Toggle Politics subsection  4.1 Chinese Communist Party     4.2 Administrative divisions     4.3 Foreign relations     4.4 Military     4.5 Law and policing     4.6 Human rights       5 Economy    Toggle Economy subsection  5.1 Science and technology     5.2 Infrastructure and transportation       6 Demographics    Toggle Demographics subsection  6.1 Cities and urbanization     6.2 Languages and ethnic groups     6.3 Religion     6.4 Education     6.5 Health       7 Culture    Toggle Culture subsection  7.1 Art   7.1.1 Architecture     7.1.2 Performing arts       7.2 Cuisine     7.3 Fashion     7.4 Literature     7.5 Media     7.6 Sport and games       8 See also     9 Notes     10 References     11 Sources     12 External links    Toggle External links subsection  12.1 Government     12.2 General information     12.3 Maps             (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      China    318 languages  (https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8) (Китаи – Abkhazian) Аԥсшәа   (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina) (Cina – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B6) (Хъытыдж – Adyghe) Адыгабзэ   (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China) (Volksrepubliek China – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepublik_China) (Volksrepublik China – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%93) (ቻይና – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Amis) Pangcah   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Popular_de_China) (Republica Popular de China – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina_seo_Folclice_Cynewise) (Cina seo Folclice Cynewise – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8) (चीन – Angika) अंगिका   (featured article) (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86) (الصين – Arabic) العربية   (https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%9B%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%A5%DC%A1%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A8%DC%9D%DC%A2) (ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܥܡܡܝܬܐ ܕܨܝܢ – Aramaic) ܐܪܡܝܐ   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7) (الشينوا – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86) (الصين – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8) (চীন – Assamese) অসমীয়া   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China) (República Popular China – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9) (Китай – Avaric) Авар   (https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinia) (Sinia – Kotava) Kotava   (https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8) (जनबादी गणतन्त्र चीन – Awadhi) अवधी   (https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markani_Republika_China) (Markani Republika China – Aymara) Aymar aru   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in) (Çin – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86) (چین – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (featured article) (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B) (Ҡытай Халыҡ Республикаһы – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina) (Cina – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina) (Kina – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97n%C4%97j%C4%97s_Liaud%C4%97is_Respobl%C4%97ka) (Kėnėjės Liaudėis Respoblėka – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina) (Sina – Batak Toba) Batak Toba   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsina) (Tsina – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9) (Кітай – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9) (Кітай – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok) (Tiongkok – Betawi) Betawi   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9) (Китай – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8) (चीन – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaena) (Jaena – Bislama) Bislama   (https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripublik_Rakyat_Cina) (Ripublik Rakyat Cina – Banjar) Banjar   (https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE) (ခယ်ႏခမ်းထီ – Pa'O) ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ   (https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Bambara) Bamanankan   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8) (চীন – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%AD%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%96) (ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8) (গণচীন – Bishnupriya) বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Pobl_Sina) (Republik Pobl Sina – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina) (Kina – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cino) (Cino – Batak Mandailing) Batak Mandailing   (good article) (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Хитад – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_de_la_Xina) (República Popular de la Xina – Catalan) Català   (https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Chavacano) Chavacano de Zamboanga   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-hu%C3%A0_%C3%8Cng-m%C3%ACng_G%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3ng-hu%C3%B2-gu%C3%B3k) (Dṳ̆ng-huà Ìng-mìng Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0) (Цийн Халкъан Республика – Chechen) Нохчийн   (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangmasang_Republika_sa_Tsina) (Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Chamorro) Chamoru   (https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A8%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%9B) (ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ – Cherokee) ᏣᎳᎩ   (https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)) (China (People's Republic of China) – Cheyenne) Tsetsêhestâhese   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86) (چین – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Corsican) Corsu   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in) (Çin – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADna) (Čína – Czech) Čeština   (https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84sk%C3%B4_L%C3%ABdow%C3%B4_Rep%C3%B9blika) (Chińskô Lëdowô Repùblika – Kashubian) Kaszëbsczi   (https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%A3%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%EA%99%97%D0%BD%D1%94) (Срѣдинꙗнє – Church Slavic) Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8) (Китай Халăх Республики – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Pobl_Tsieina) (Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina – Welsh) Cymraeg   (recommended article) (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina) (Kina – Danish) Dansk   (https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Dagbani) Dagbanli   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepublik_China) (Volksrepublik China – German) Deutsch   (https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Southern Dagaare) Dagaare   (https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caina) (Caina – Dinka) Thuɔŋjäŋ   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet%C3%AA_%C5%9Eari%C3%AA_%C3%87ini) (Cumhuriyetê Şariê Çini – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinska_ludowa_republika) (Chinska ludowa republika – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Central Dusun) Kadazandusun   (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6) (चीन देश – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%AA%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6) (ސީނުކަރަ – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC) (ཀྲུང་ཀོ – Dzongkha) ཇོང་ཁ   (https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Ewe) Eʋegbe   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1) (Κίνα – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina) (Cina – Emiliano-Romagnolo) Emiliàn e rumagnòl   (good article) (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88inio) (Ĉinio – Esperanto) Esperanto   (good article) (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China) (República Popular China – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina) (Hiina – Estonian) Eesti   (good article) (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika) (Txinako Herri Errepublika – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86) (چین – Persian) فارسی   (https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciina) (Ciina – Fula) Fulfulde   (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiina) (Kiina – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_Rahvavabariik) (Hiina Rahvavabariik – Võro) Võro   (https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaina_(matanitu)) (Jaina (matanitu) – Fijian) Na Vosa Vakaviti   (featured article) (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina) (Kina – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chine) (Chine – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8publica_popul%C3%A8ra_de_China) (Rèpublica populèra de China – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_(st%C3%A2t)) (Cine (stât) – Friulian) Furlan   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina) (Sina – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daon-Phoblacht_na_S%C3%ADne) (Daon-Phoblacht na Síne – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitay_Halk_Respublikas%C4%B1) (Kitay Halk Respublikası – Gagauz) Gagauz   (https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B) (中華人民共和國 – Gan) 贛語   (https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachin) (Lachin – Guianan Creole) Kriyòl gwiyannen   (https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluagh-phoblachd_na_S%C3%ACne) (Sluagh-phoblachd na Sìne – Scottish Gaelic) Gàidhlig   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_da_China) (República Popular da China – Galician) Galego   (https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86) (چين – Gilaki) گیلکی   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADna_Tetar%C3%A3_Ret%C3%A3) (Chína Tetarã Retã – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8) (चीन – Goan Konkani) गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni   (https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B0) (𐌺𐌹𐌸𐌰 – Gothic) 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺   (https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Ghanaian Pidgin) Ghanaian Pidgin   (https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8) (ચીન – Gujarati) ગુજરાતી   (https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Gun) Gungbe   (https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deynphobblaght_y_%C3%87heen) (Deynphobblaght y Çheen – Manx) Gaelg   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin) (Sin – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng-f%C3%A0_Ng%C3%ACn-m%C3%ACn_Khiung-f%C3%B2-koet) (Chûng-fà Ngìn-mìn Khiung-fò-koet – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina) (Kina – Hawaiian) Hawaiʻi   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F) (הרפובליקה העממית של סין – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF) (चीनी जनवादी गणराज्य – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina) (Kina – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin) (Chin – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADna) (Kína – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6) (Չինաստան – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6) (Չինաստան – Western Armenian) Արեւմտահայերէն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Iban) Jaku Iban   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok) (Tiongkok – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Igbo) Igbo   (https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina) (Saina – Inupiaq) Iñupiatun   (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsina) (Tsina – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5) (Ченкехье – Ingush) ГӀалгӀай   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popul-Republiko_Chinia) (Popul-Republiko Chinia – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADna) (Kína – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://isv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaj) (Kitaj – Interslavic) Medžuslovjansky   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina) (Cina – Italian) Italiano   (https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%B4%E1%90%83%E1%93%87) (ᓴᐃᓇ – Inuktitut) ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD) (中華人民共和国 – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piiplz_Ripoblik_a_Chaina) (Piiplz Ripoblik a Chaina – Jamaican Creole English) Patois   (https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jungo_ke_prenu_gubyseltru) (jungo ke prenu gubyseltru – Lojban) La .lojban.   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_Rakyat_Cina) (Républik Rakyat Cina – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98) (ჩინეთი – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1tay) (Qıtay – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ccinwa) (Ccinwa – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8D_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D) (Хъутей Жылэ Республикэ – Kabardian) Адыгэбзэ   (https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siini) (Siini – Kabiye) Kabɩyɛ   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caina) (Caina – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina) (Sina – Kongo) Kongo   (https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina) (Cina – Komering) Kumoring   (https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Kikuyu) Gĩkũyũ   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9) (Қытай – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93) (ចិន – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF) (ಚೀನಿ ಜನರ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Central Kanuri) Yerwa Kanuri   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD) (중화인민공화국 – Korean) 한국어   (https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0) (Кина – Komi-Permyak) Перем коми   (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0) (Къытай Халкъ Республика – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86) (چیٖن – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%AEn) (Çîn – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9) (Китай – Komi) Коми   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblek_Werin_China) (Repoblek Werin China – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9) (Кытай – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publica_popularis_Sinarum) (Res publica popularis Sinarum – Latin) Latina   (https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repuvlika_Popular_Kina) (Repuvlika Popular Kina – Ladino) Ladino   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleksrepublik_China) (Volleksrepublik China – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9) (Китай – Lak) Лакку   (https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9) (Китай – Lezghian) Лезги   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xina) (Xina – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayina) (Cayina – Ganda) Luganda   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinn-a) (Cinn-a – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina) (Cina – Ladin) Ladin   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina) (Cina – Lombard) Lombard   (https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADna) (Sína – Lingala) Lingála   (https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99) (ປະເທດຈີນ – Lao) ລາວ   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinijos_Liaudies_Respublika) (Kinijos Liaudies Respublika – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABna) (Ķīna – Latgalian) Latgaļu   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABna) (Ķīna – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok) (Tiongkok – Madurese) Madhurâ   (https://mag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8) (चीन – Magahi) मगही   (https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8) (जनबादी गणतन्त्र चीन – Maithili) मैथिली   (https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina) (Republik Rakyat Cina – Banyumasan) Basa Banyumasan   (https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9) (Китай – Moksha) Мокшень   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblika_Entim-Bahoakan%27_i_Sina) (Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9) (Китай – Eastern Mari) Олык марий   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haina) (Haina – Māori) Māori   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyaik_Cino) (Republik Rakyaik Cino – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0) (Народна Република Кина – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8) (ചൈന – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (featured article) (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Хятад – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B) (ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ – Manipuri) ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ   (https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA) (ကြုက် – Mon) ဘာသာမန်   (https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Mossi) Moore   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8) (चीन – Marathi) मराठी   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Aina) (Ċina – Maltese) Malti   (https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Mirandese) Mirandés   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (တရုတ်ပြည်သူ့သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C) (Китаень Раськень Республикась – Erzya) Эрзянь   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86) (چین – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina) (Cina – Neapolitan) Napulitano   (https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrippebliek_China) (Volksrippebliek China – Low Saxon) Nedersaksies   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China) (Volksrepubliek China – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8) (चीन – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8) (चीन – Newari) नेपाल भाषा   (https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok) (Tiongkok – Nias) Li Niha   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China) (Volksrepubliek China – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina) (Kina – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina) (Kina – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populen_Republike_de_China) (Populen Republike de China – Novial) Novial   (https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publyique_du_Peupl%27ye_d%27la_Chinne) (Républyique du Peupl'ye d'la Chinne – Norman) Nouormand   (https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1haena) (Tšhaena – Northern Sotho) Sesotho sa Leboa   (https://nup.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Nupe) Nupe   (https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsii%CA%BCyishbizh%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah) (Tsiiʼyishbizhí Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo) Diné bizaad   (https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Nyanja) Chi-Chewa   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China) (Republica Populara de China – Occitan) Occitan   (https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitai) (Kitai – Livvi-Karelian) Livvinkarjala   (https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaayinaa) (Chaayinaa – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A8) (ଚୀନ – Odia) ଓଡ଼ିଆ   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9) (Китай – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8) (ਚੀਨ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_ya_Too_na_Jhina) (Republika ya Too na Jhina – Pangasinan) Pangasinan   (featured article) (https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldang_Republika_ning_Tsina) (Maldang Republika ning Tsina – Pampanga) Kapampangan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publike_popul%C3%A9re_Kine) (Républike populére Kine – Picard) Picard   (https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tscheine) (Tscheine – Pennsylvania German) Deitsch   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84ska_Republika_Ludowa) (Chińska Republika Ludowa – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin-a) (Cin-a – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86) (چین – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1) (Κίνα – Pontic) Ποντιακά   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86) (چين – Pashto) پښتو   (featured article) (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Portuguese) Português   (https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailiku) (Tailiku – Paiwan) Pinayuanan   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Runallaqta_Ripuwlika) (China Runallaqta Ripuwlika – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Populara_da_la_China) (Republica Populara da la China – Romansh) Rumantsch   (https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Vlax Romani) Romani čhib   (featured article) (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Popular%C4%83_Chinez%C4%83) (Republica Populară Chineză – Romanian) Română   (https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Aromanian) Armãneashti   (https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbleche_Popolare_Cinese) (Repubbleche Popolare Cinese – Tarantino) Tarandíne   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9) (Китай – Russian) Русский   (https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0) (Китайска людова република – Rusyn) Русиньскый   (https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubushinwa) (Ubushinwa – Kinyarwanda) Ikinyarwanda   (https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83) (चीनदेशः – Sanskrit) संस्कृतम्   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BF%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D) (Кытай Дьон Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1) (ᱪᱤᱱ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzina) (Tzina – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina) (Cina – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_o_the_Fowk_o_Cheena) (Republic o the Fowk o Cheena – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86) (چين – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinn%C3%A1) (Kiinná – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn%C3%A4) (Sînä – Sango) Sängö   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina) (Kina – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ccinwa) (Ccinwa – Tachelhit) Taclḥit   (https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%82%84%E1%82%87) (မိူင်းၶႄႇ – Shan) တႆး   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA) (චීනය – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China) (People's Republic of China – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADna) (Čína – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86) (چین – Saraiki) سرائیکی   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudska_republika_Kitajska) (Ljudska republika Kitajska – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina) (Saina – Samoan) Gagana Samoa   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiina) (Kiina – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayina) (Chayina – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiinaha) (Shiinaha – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina) (Kina – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0) (Кина – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneysa) (Sneysa – Sranan Tongo) Sranantongo   (https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShayina) (IShayina – Swati) SiSwati   (https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhina) (Xhina – Southern Sotho) Sesotho   (https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foulksrepublik_China) (Foulksrepublik China – Saterland Frisian) Seeltersk   (featured article) (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_Rahayat_Tiongkok) (Républik Rahayat Tiongkok – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina) (Kina – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Watu_wa_China) (Jamhuri ya Watu wa China – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84sk%C5%8F_Ludow%C5%8F_Republika) (Chińskŏ Ludowŏ Republika – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cong-kow) (Cong-kow – Sakizaya) Sakizaya   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE) (சீனா – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Atayal) Tayal   (https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE) (ಚೀನಾ – Tulu) ತುಳು   (https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%AB%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%91%E1%A5%A5%E1%A5%B1) (ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥥᥱ – Tai Nuea) ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE) (చైనా – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xina) (Xina – Tetum) Tetun   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD) (Ҷумҳурии Мардумии Чин – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99) (ประเทศจีน – Thai) ไทย   (https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%93) (ቻይና – Tigrinya) ትግርኛ   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyta%C3%BD) (Hytaý – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsina) (Tsina – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXR) (CXR – Talysh) Tolışi   (https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Tswana) Setswana   (https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siaina) (Siaina – Tongan) Lea faka-Tonga   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma_Sonko) (ma Sonko – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_Manmeri_Ripablik_bilong_Saina) (Ol Manmeri Ripablik bilong Saina – Tok Pisin) Tok Pisin   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in) (Çin – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cikuku) (Cikuku – Taroko) Seediq   (https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayina) (Chayina – Tsonga) Xitsonga   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9) (Кытай – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Tumbuka) ChiTumbuka   (https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Twi) Twi   (https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinit%C5%8D) (Tinitō – Tahitian) Reo tahiti   (https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82) (Кыдат – Tuvinian) Тыва дыл   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9) (Китай – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%D8%AE%DB%87%D8%A7_%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89) (جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىتى – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0) (Китайська Народна Республіка – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86) (چین – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy) (Xitoy – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Venda) Tshivenda   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blega_Popo%C5%82are_Cineze) (Repùblega Popołare Cineze – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitai) (Kitai – Veps) Vepsän kel’   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c) (Trung Quốc – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyin%C3%A4n) (Tsyinän – Volapük) Volapük   (https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chine) (Chine – Walloon) Walon   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanan_Katawhan_Republika_han_Tsina) (Kanan Katawhan Republika han Tsina – Waray) Winaray   (https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ewum_Popileer_bu_Siin) (Réewum Popileer bu Siin – Wolof) Wolof   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD) (中华人民共和国 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD) (Китдин Улус Орн – Kalmyk) Хальмг   (https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShayina) (IShayina – Xhosa) IsiXhosa   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98) (ჩინეთი – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2) (כינע – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8_Ol%C3%B3m%C3%ACnira_%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8Dn_Ar%C3%A1_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_%E1%B9%A2%C3%A1%C3%ADn%C3%A0) (Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira àwọn Ará ilẹ̀ Ṣáínà – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunghvaz_Yinzminz_Gunghozgoz) (Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China – Zeelandic) Zeêuws   (https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9B%E2%B5%9B%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0) (ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B) (中華人民共和國 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-h%C3%B4a_J%C3%AEn-b%C3%AEn_Ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4-kok) (Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B) (中華人民共和國 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD) (中华人民共和国 – Chinese) 中文   (https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShayina) (IShayina – Zulu) IsiZulu    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q148#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (/wiki/China) (View the content page [c]) Article   (/wiki/Talk:China) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English         (/wiki/China) Read   (/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit) (This page is protected.
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You can view its source [e])  View source   (/w/index.php?title=China&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/China) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/China) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (/w/index.php?title=China&oldid=1371346494) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (/w/index.php?title=China&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=China&id=1371346494&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChina) Get shortened URL   (/w/index.php?title=China&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=China&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (/w/index.php?title=China&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://abstract.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q148) Abstract Wikipedia   (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:China) Wikinews   (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/China) Wikiquote   (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/China) Wikivoyage   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q148) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) (Geographic coordinate system) Coordinates : (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=China&params=35_N_103_E_type:country) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 35°N 103°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 35°N 103°E  / 35; 103     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*) (This is a good article. Click here for more information.) (This is a good article. Click here for more information.)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended) (This article is extended-confirmed-protected.) (Extended-protected article)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Country in East Asia (./Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (./Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)    Several terms redirect here. For the present-day Republic of China, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Taiwan . For 中国 in Japan, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chūgoku_region) (Chūgoku region) Chūgoku region . For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_(disambiguation)) (China (disambiguation)) China (disambiguation) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRC_(disambiguation)) (PRC (disambiguation)) PRC (disambiguation)    (./Category:Good_articles)  (./Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages#China)     (./Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages#China)   (./Category:Use_American_English_from_December_2021)  (./Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English)   (./Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2026)    People's Republic of China (Chinese-language text) 中华人民共和国  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)   (Chinese-language romanization) Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg) (Flag of China) (Flag of China)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_China) (Flag of China) Flag   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:中華人民共和國國徽.svg) (Emblem of China) (Emblem of China)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Emblem_of_China) (National Emblem of China) Emblem      Anthem:   (Chinese-language text) 义勇军进行曲  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)    (Chinese-language romanization) Yìyǒngjūn jìnxíngqǔ   "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers) (March of the Volunteers) March of the Volunteers "   (العربية ‪(ar)‬)  (azərbaycanca ‪(az)‬)  (dansk ‪(da)‬)  (Deutsch ‪(de)‬)  (English ‪(en)‬)  (Esperanto ‪(eo)‬)  (español ‪(es)‬)  (français ‪(fr)‬)  (हिन्दी ‪(hi)‬)  (hrvatski ‪(hr)‬)  (Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬)  (italiano ‪(it)‬)  (日本語 ‪(ja)‬)  (조선말 ‪(ko-kp)‬)  (한국어 ‪(ko)‬)  (Latina ‪(la)‬)  (македонски ‪(mk)‬)  (മലയാളം ‪(ml)‬)  (Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬)  (မြန်မာဘာသာ ‪(my)‬)  (norsk bokmål ‪(nb)‬)  (Nederlands ‪(nl)‬)  (português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬)  (português ‪(pt)‬)  (русский ‪(ru)‬)  (संस्कृतम् ‪(sa)‬)  (саха тыла ‪(sah)‬)  (svenska ‪(sv)‬)  (தமிழ் ‪(ta)‬)  (Tagalog ‪(tl)‬)  (toki pona ‪(tok)‬)  (Türkçe ‪(tr)‬)  (Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬)  (Winaray ‪(war)‬)  (中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬)  (中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬)  (中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬)  (中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬)  (中文（澳門） ‪(zh-mo)‬)  (中文（新加坡） ‪(zh-sg)‬)  (中文 ‪(zh)‬)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CHN_orthographic.svg)        People's Republic of China (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_China) (Territorial disputes of China) Territory claimed but not controlled     Capital (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing) (Beijing) Beijing  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=China&params=39_55_N_116_23_E_type:city(21,000,000)_region:CN-BJ) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 39°55′N 116°23′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 39.917°N 116.383°E  / 39.917; 116.383     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Largest city by municipal population  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing) (Chongqing) Chongqing   Largest city by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population) (List of cities in China by population) urban population   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai) (Shanghai) Shanghai   Official language (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese) (Standard Chinese) Standard Chinese [ 1]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_script) (Official script) Official script   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese) (Simplified Chinese) Simplified Chinese ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China) (Mainland China) Mainland ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese) (Traditional Chinese) Traditional Chinese ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) (Hong Kong) Hong Kong , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau) (Macau) Macau )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group) (Ethnic group) Ethnic groups (2020)[ 2]       91.11% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese) (Han Chinese) Han Chinese  1.39% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuang_people) (Zhuang people) Zhuang  0.84% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_people) (Uyghur people) Uyghur  0.81% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_people) (Hui people) Hui  0.79% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miao_people) (Miao people) Miao  0.74% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_people) (Manchu people) Manchu  0.70% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_people) (Yi people) Yi  0.68% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tujia_people) (Tujia people) Tujia  0.50% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_people) (Tibetan people) Tibetan  2.44% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China) (List of ethnic groups in China) others      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) Demonym  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people) (Chinese people) Chinese   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_China) (Politics of China) Government  Unitary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_state) (Communist state) communist state   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCP_General_Secretary) (CCP General Secretary) CCP General Secretary and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China) (President of China) President [ a]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping) Xi Jinping   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_China) (Premier of China) Premier   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang) (Li Qiang) Li Qiang   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress) (Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress) Congress Chairman   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Leji) (Zhao Leji) Zhao Leji   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference) (Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) Conference Chairman   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Huning) (Wang Huning) Wang Huning     Legislature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People's_Congress) (National People's Congress) National People's Congress   Formation  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty) (Qin dynasty) First imperial dynasty   221 BCE  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Revolution) (1911 Revolution) Establishment of the Republic of China   1 January 1912  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Proclamation of the People's Republic of China) Proclamation of the People's Republic   1 October 1949    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_China) (Geography of China) Area    • Total  9,596,961 km2 (3,705,407 sq mi)[ b]    [ 6]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 3rd )  • Water (%)  2.8[ 7]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_China) (Demographics of China) Population   • 2025 estimate  (Neutral decrease) (Neutral decrease)    1,404,890,000[ c]    [ 8]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 2nd )  • Density  146/km2 (378.1/sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density) (List of countries and dependencies by population density) 83rd )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP )  2026 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $44.295 trillion[ d]    [ 9]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 1st )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $31,596[ 9]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) 73rd )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (nominal)  2026 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $20.852 trillion[ 9]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 2nd )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $14,874[ 9]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) 74th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (Gini coefficient) Gini  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2022)  (Positive decrease) (Positive decrease)     36.0[ 10]     medium inequality    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) HDI  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Increase) (Increase)     0.797[ 11]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  high   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) 78th )  Currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi) (Renminbi) Renminbi (yuan, 元/¥)[ e]    ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217) (ISO 4217) CNY )  Time zone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC+08:00) (UTC+08:00) +8  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_China) (Time in China) CST )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_China) (Telephone numbers in China) Calling code  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/+86) (+86) +86 (Mainland) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/+852) (+852) +852 (Hong Kong) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/+853) (+853) +853 (Macau)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166) (ISO 3166) ISO 3166 code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CN) (ISO 3166-2:CN) CN   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) (Country code top-level domain) Internet TLD   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cn) (.cn) .cn  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.中国) (.中国) .中国  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.中國) (.中國) .中國 (Mainland)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hk) (.hk) .hk  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.香港) (.香港) .香港 (Hong Kong)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mo) (.mo) .mo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.澳门) (.澳门) .澳门  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.澳門) (.澳門) .澳門 (Macau)       (./Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters#TChina)   China ,[ f]    officially the People's Republic of China (PRC ),[ g]    is a country in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia) (East Asia) East Asia . It is divided into 33 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province-level_divisions_of_China) (Province-level divisions of China) province-level divisions , including two (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China) (Special administrative regions of China) special administrative regions . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing) (Beijing) Beijing is the capital, while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai) (Shanghai) Shanghai is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population) (List of cities in China by population) most populous city by urban area . Its geography features the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongyuan) (Zhongyuan) Central Plain , major rivers such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze) (Yangtze) Yangtze and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River) (Yellow River) Yellow River , deserts, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical) (Subtropical) subtropical and temperate forests, plateaus, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range) (Mountain range) mountain ranges such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas) (Himalayas) Himalayas . It is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_(United_Nations)) (List of countries by population (United Nations)) world's second-most populous country after India, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_of_China) (Population of China) a population exceeding 1.4 billion (17% of the world's population), across an area of 9.6  million square kilometers (3,700,000  sq  mi) , making it the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) third-largest country by area .[ h]     Humans first arrived in China during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic) (Paleolithic) Paleolithic . By the 2nd millennium BCE, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history) (Dynasties in Chinese history) dynastic states had emerged. 221 BCE, China was unified under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty) (Qin dynasty) Qin and the succeeding (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty) (Han dynasty) Han dynasty , ushering in two millennia of imperial rule across periods of unity and division. Its achievements include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road) (Silk Road) Silk Road and the invention of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention_of_gunpowder) (Invention of gunpowder) gunpowder , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper#Paper_in_China) (History of paper) paper , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing) (Printing) printing , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass) (Compass) compass . After increased Western political, economic, and philosophical influence, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Revolution) (1911 Revolution) 1911 Revolution overthrew the empire and established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)) (Republic of China (1912–1949)) Republic of China (ROC). The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord_Era) (Warlord Era) Warlord Era and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War) (Chinese Civil War) Chinese Civil War followed, interrupted by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War) (Second Sino-Japanese War) Second Sino-Japanese War , which ended in a Chinese victory. In 1949, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) (Chinese Communist Party) Chinese Communist Party (CCP) forced the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan) (Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan) ROC's retreat to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Taiwan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Proclamation of the People's Republic of China) proclaimed the PRC , although (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Chinas) (Two Chinas) both sides still claim political legitimacy. CCP attempts to advance (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism) (Communism) communism faltered through (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine) (Great Chinese Famine) famine and political turmoil. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up) (Reform and opening up) reform and opening up that began in 1978 moved China towards a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_market_economy) (Socialist market economy) socialist market economy , spurring economic growth. The PRC is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state) (Unitary state) unitary state with the CCP as its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state) (One-party state) sole ruling party . It is one of the five (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council) (Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council) permanent members of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Security_Council) (UN Security Council) UN Security Council and a member of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization_membership_of_China) (International organization membership of China) many multilateral organizations . China is the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_manufacturing_output) (List of countries by manufacturing output) largest manufacturer and has the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) second largest economy by nominal GDP . International organizations have criticized the PRC, alleging authoritarianism and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_China) (Human rights in China) human rights abuses . Possessing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army) (People's Liberation Army) a large military , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_space_program) (Chinese space program) space program , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_China) (Nuclear weapons of China) nuclear stockpile , China has been described as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower) (Superpower) superpower due to its influence in geopolitics, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China) (Science and technology in China) science and technology , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_in_China) (Industry in China) manufacturing , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China) (Economy of China) economics and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture) (Chinese culture) culture . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_art) (Chinese art) Chinese art and culture has (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinosphere) (Sinosphere) influenced much of Asia . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters) (Chinese characters) Chinese characters are among the oldest writing systems on Earth, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_literature) (Chinese literature) a literary tradition dating back millennia to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_classics) (Chinese classics) Chinese classics . China is the birthplace of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism) (Confucianism) Confucianism and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoism) (Daoism) Daoism , which form the traditional (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_teachings) (Three teachings) three teachings of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophy) (Chinese philosophy) Chinese philosophy and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion) (Chinese folk religion) folk religion alongside (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism) (Buddhism) Buddhism . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine) (Chinese cuisine) Chinese cuisine is diverse and highly regional, with rice as a staple in the south and wheat in the north. It has (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China) (List of World Heritage Sites in China) 60 World Heritage Sites , including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China) (Great Wall of China) Great Wall and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)) (Grand Canal (China)) Grand Canal . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese) (Han Chinese) Han , mostly speakers of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinitic_languages) (Sinitic languages) Sinitic languages , are China's dominant ethnicity, although it is home to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China) (List of ethnic groups in China) 55 recognized minorities , including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_people) (Hui people) Hui , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols) (Mongols) Mongols , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetans) (Tibetans) Tibetans , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs) (Uyghurs) Uyghurs , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuang_people) (Zhuang people) Zhuang .     Etymology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_China) (Names of China) Names of China  The word "China" has been used in English since the 16th century; however, it was not used by the Chinese themselves during this period. Its origin has been traced through (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language) (Portuguese language) Portuguese , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language) (Malay language) Malay , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language) (Persian language) Persian back to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit) (Sanskrit) Sanskrit word (Sanskrit-language romanization) Cīna  ((Sanskrit-language text) चिन  (./Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text)  ), used in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_India) (Ancient India) ancient India .[ 13]    (Sanskrit-language romanization) Cīna  was first used in early (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism) (Hinduism) Hindu scripture from the 3rd century BCE to 4th century CE, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata) (Mahabharata) Mahabharata  and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusmriti) (Manusmriti) Laws of Manu  . In 1655, the missionary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martino_Martini) (Martino Martini) Martino Martini suggested that the word China is derived ultimately from the ancient state of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_(state)) (Qin (state)) Qin .[ 14]    This remains a common etymology.[ 14]    [ 15]    Another possible source is the ancient (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou) (Guizhou) Guizhou polity of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelang) (Yelang) Yelang , known as (Yi-language text) ʐina  (./Category:Articles_containing_Yi-language_text)  in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loloish_languages) (Loloish languages) Loloish languages .[ 14]     The official name of the modern state is the "People's Republic of China" ((./Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text)  中华人民共和国 ;  Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó  ).[ 16]    The shorter form of this name is (./Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text)  中国 ;  Zhōngguó  , from (Chinese-language romanization) zhōng  ('central' or 'middle') and (Chinese-language romanization) guó  ('state'), a term first used for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_land) (Crown land) demesne of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhou) (Western Zhou) Western Zhou dynasty.[ i]    [ 17]    [ 18]    The names of ruling imperial dynasties were typically used to refer to the region and state. In the 1800s, Zhongguo  was officially adopted as the name of the country by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty) (Qing dynasty) Qing dynasty .[ 18]    China is sometimes referred to as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China) (Mainland China) mainland China or "the Mainland" when distinguishing it from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Republic of China on Taiwan or the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China) (Special administrative regions of China) PRC's Special Administrative Regions .[ 19]      History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China) (History of China) History of China  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   For a chronological guide, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history) (Timeline of Chinese history) Timeline of Chinese history . Prehistory  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_China) (Prehistory of China) Prehistory of China  Evidence of early humans such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus) (Homo erectus) Homo erectus  in China dates to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic) (Paleolithic) Paleolithic , around 1.7 million years ago, with unconfirmed sites as old as 2 million years ago. Modern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens) (Homo sapiens) Homo sapiens  are attested from around 50,000 years ago.[ 20]    Following the end of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period) (Last Glacial Period) Last Glacial Period , in about 8,000 BCE, pottery-making (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic) (Neolithic) Neolithic cultures emerged. By the 6000s BCE, sedentary agricultural societies had spread across the lower (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River) (Yellow River) Yellow River basin.[ 21]    [ 22]    These societies became increasingly complex, urbanized, and stratified,[ 23]    but many experienced a population collapse in the late 2000s BCE for unclear reasons.[ 24]      Ancient China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MET_DP219959.jpg) (A set of bronze ritual vessels arranged in a museum display)   A set of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhou) (Western Zhou) Western Zhou -era (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_ritual_bronzes) (Chinese ritual bronzes) ritual bronzes , (circa) c.  1000 BCE  After 2000 BCE, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age) (Bronze Age) Bronze Age culture emerged in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongyuan) (Zhongyuan) Central Plain , dubbed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlitou_culture) (Erlitou culture) Erlitou culture after its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlitou) (Erlitou) main site . Erlitou has been controversially identified with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_dynasty) (Xia dynasty) Xia , the traditionally-accepted first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasties_of_China) (Dynasties of China) dynasty , but no written records exist to confirm this.[ 25]    [ 26]    [ 27]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty) (Shang dynasty) Shang dynasty purportedly succeeded the Xia around 1600 BCE, with its early stages tentatively identified with an expansionist state known archaeologically as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erligang_culture) (Erligang culture) Erligang culture .[ 28]    The historicity of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Shang) (Late Shang) Late Shang is attested through divinational writings in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bone_script) (Oracle bone script) oracle bone script . These are the earliest known form of writing in China and the ancestor of modern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters) (Chinese characters) Chinese characters .[ 29]    [ 30]     The Shang were overthrown by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty) (Zhou dynasty) Zhou (circa) c.  1046 BCE . The Zhou ruled over a vast and loose confederation of vassal states across central China gradually weakened by regional lords.[ 31]    Centralized authority finally collapsed in 771 BCE, giving way to constant regional warfare. During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Zhou) (Eastern Zhou) Eastern Zhou , a multitude of small aristocratic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period) (Spring and Autumn period) Spring and Autumn period polities evolved into seven territorial (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period) (Warring States period) Warring States over the following centuries.[ 32]    [ 33]    Literary and philosophical developments of this period include the emergence of various schools of thought, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism) (Confucianism) Confucianism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoism) (Daoism) Daoism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohism) (Mohism) Mohism , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)) (Legalism (Chinese philosophy)) Legalism , alongside (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_classics) (Chinese classics) Chinese classics like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analects) (Analects) Analects  and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching) (Tao Te Ching) Tao Te Ching  .[ 34]    [ 35]      Imperial China  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Empire) (Chinese Empire) Chinese Empire  Classical period  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terracotta_Army_(6143564816).jpg) (A group of the Terracotta Warriors standing in an archaeological dig site)   Soldier statues of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta_Army) (Terracotta Army) Terracotta Army , buried alongside (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang) (Qin Shi Huang) Qin Shi Huang (circa) c.  210 BCE   In the 220s BCE, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_(state)) (Qin (state)) Qin rapidly conquered the other warring states. In 221, its ruler (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang) (Qin Shi Huang) Qin Shi Huang proclaimed himself the first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_China) (Emperor of China) emperor ((./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  皇帝 ;  Huángdì  ) and founded the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty) (Qin dynasty) Qin dynasty .[ 36]    [ 37]    He led an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy) (Autocracy) autocratic Legalist state organized in a system of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandery_(China)) (Commandery (China)) commanderies and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(China)) (County (China)) counties . The dynasty lasted only fifteen years, falling soon after his death from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu–Han_Contention) (Chu–Han Contention) revolts and civil war .[ 38]    [ 39]     After the collapse, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty) (Han dynasty) Han dynasty emerged to rule China between 206 BCE and 220 CE.[ j]    [ 40]    The Han gradually reinstated centralized control, legitimizing their rule through Confucian scholarship.[ 41]    [ 42]    Military expeditions against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu) (Xiongnu) Xiongnu , a confederation of nomadic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe) (Eurasian Steppe) steppe tribes frequently in conflict with the dynasty, expanded Han influence into parts of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia) (Central Asia) Central Asia and helped to establish the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road) (Silk Road) Silk Road , allowing for trade connections between China and western Eurasia. Contemporaneously, merchants established (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road) (Maritime Silk Road) maritime trade routes linking China, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia) (Southeast Asia) Southeast Asia , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India .[ 41]    [ 43]     The Han faced widespread uprisings and the emergence of local warlords in the 100s and 200s CE.[ 44]    By 220, the empire was split into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms) (Three Kingdoms) Three Kingdoms . These were briefly united by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266–420)) (Jin dynasty (266–420)) Jin dynasty in 280, which fell into civil war. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinicization) (Sinicization) Sinicized formerly nomadic peoples who had settled in Northern China, such as the Xiongnu, rebelled and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms) (Sixteen Kingdoms) founded new dynasties .[ 45]    [ 46]    These coalesced into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties) (Northern and Southern dynasties) Northern and Southern dynasties in the 400s.[ 47]    During these conflicts, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism) (Buddhism) Buddhism was introduced to China via the Silk Road.[ 48]    [ 49]      Mid-imperial period  After centuries of warfare, China was reunited under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dynasty) (Sui dynasty) Sui in 589,[ 50]    who constructed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)) (Grand Canal (China)) Grand Canal to link Northern and Southern China.[ 51]    The Sui collapsed in the 610s, and were succeeded by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty) (Tang dynasty) Tang . The Tang dynasty centralized the state and dispatched military expeditions to pacify the surrounding regions. It promoted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism) (Chinese Buddhism) Buddhism , but through expanding international trade built a heavily cosmopolitan society centered on its capital of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang'an) (Chang'an) Chang'an .[ 52]    It reformed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_examination) (Imperial examination) civil service examinations and oversaw a flourishing of art, poetry, architecture, and scholarship.[ 53]    [ 54]    [ 55]    The 755–763 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_rebellion) (An Lushan rebellion) An Lushan rebellion weakened the Tang, which gradually fragmented before (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period) (Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period) collapsing completely in 907.[ 56]    [ 57]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:清明上河图.jpg) (A section of a Song dynasty painting showing a boat nearly crashing into a bridge)   Section from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty) (Song dynasty) Song -era landscape painting, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Along_the_River_During_the_Qingming_Festival) (Along the River During the Qingming Festival) Along the River During the Qingming Festival  , early 1100s  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty) (Song dynasty) Song dynasty rose to power in 960. It faced military crises, unable to subdue its Sinicized non-Han neighbors, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khitan_people) (Khitan people) Khitan -led (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_dynasty) (Liao dynasty) Liao dynasty and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangut_people) (Tangut people) Tangut -led (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Xia) (Western Xia) Western Xia . The consistent focus on defense allowed for a heavily centralized state and military, which made the first military application of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder) (Gunpowder) gunpowder .[ 58]    [ 59]    The proliferation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing) (Printing) printing technology allowed books to become widely available,[ 60]    while the elite class of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholar-official) (Scholar-official) scholar-officials grew increasingly powerful.[ 61]    Production, population, and trade expanded massively, alongside innovations such as industrial (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy) (Metallurgy) metallurgy and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery) (Hydraulic machinery) hydraulic machinery .[ 62]    The Song capital (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaifeng) (Kaifeng) Kaifeng was overrun by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurchen_people) (Jurchen people) Jurchen -led (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115–1234)) (Jin dynasty (1115–1234)) Jin in 1127, forcing the Song to retreat to Southern China. During this period, the revivalist philosophical movement of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Confucianism) (Neo-Confucianism) Neo-Confucianism emerged.[ 63]      Late imperial period  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling_11.jpg)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty) (Ming dynasty) Ming dynasty section of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China) (Great Wall of China) Great Wall of China   In 1206, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan) (Genghis Khan) Genghis Khan united the nomadic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols) (Mongols) Mongols to the north under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire) (Mongol Empire) Mongol Empire . Over the following fifty years, they (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia) (Mongol conquest of Western Xia) conquered the Western Xia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty) (Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty) the Jin , in addition to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquests) (Mongol conquests) their other conquests as far west as Europe. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire) (Division of the Mongol Empire) The empire split into separate khanates. In 1271, the Mongol leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan) (Kublai Khan) Kublai Khan established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) (Yuan dynasty) Yuan dynasty and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty) (Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty) subjugated the Song by 1279.[ 64]    [ 65]    Although Chinese culture remained largely unchanged, the Yuan maintained a Mongol elite culture and established a complex ethnic and occupational hierarchy. Foreign presence increased as China became more connected to Eurasian trade routes.[ 66]     In the 1340s, central China was devastated by disease, famine, and significant floods along the Yellow River. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellions) (Red Turban Rebellions) Various rebellions erupted , leading to a peasant leader declaring himself the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor) (Hongwu Emperor) Hongwu Emperor of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty) (Ming dynasty) Ming dynasty in 1368.[ 67]    [ 68]    The Ming built a new capital at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing) (Beijing) Beijing , with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_City) (Forbidden City) Forbidden City as its imperial palace, although the lower Yangtze remained the wealthiest region. Trade grew, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas) (European colonization of the Americas) European colonization of the Americas brought new crops and a massive influx of silver to China.[ 69]    The population doubled, and a growing publishing industry began producing works in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese) (Written vernacular Chinese) vernacular Chinese , including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels) (Classic Chinese Novels) Four Classic Novels .[ 70]     The Ming state declined and by the 1600s became unable to contain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Ming_peasant_rebellions) (Late Ming peasant rebellions) peasant rebellions . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_people) (Manchu people) Manchu to the north declared the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty) (Qing dynasty) Qing dynasty in 1636 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing) (Transition from Ming to Qing) conquered the Ming ,[ 71]    killing their last claimant emperor in 1662 and conquering a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning) (Kingdom of Tungning) Ming rump state on Taiwan in 1683.[ 72]    From the late 1600s to the end of the 1700s, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Qing_era) (High Qing era) High Qing era saw economic growth and territorial expansion westward, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)) (Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)) conquest of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet) (Tibet) Tibet and much of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia) (Central Asia) Central Asia .[ 73]    [ 74]    [ 75]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_Canton_factories.jpg) (An oil painting of European and Chinese ships docked at a trading port)   1805 painting of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Factories) (Thirteen Factories) European factories in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou) (Guangzhou) Guangzhou (Canton)  European powers fought various wars against the Qing dynasty during the 19th century. These began with the United Kingdom's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War) (First Opium War) First Opium War in 1839–1842,[ 76]    [ 77]    which resulted in the first of the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unequal_treaties) (Unequal treaties) unequal treaties " imposed on the dynasty, which opened (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_ports) (Treaty ports) treaty ports , allowed Christian missionary activity, and loosened trade restrictions.[ 78]    China faced an economic crisis and internal unrest, and uprisings such as the 1850–1864 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion) (Taiping Rebellion) Taiping Rebellion resulted in the deaths of millions.[ 79]    [ 80]    Reformist factions of the Qing responded with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement) (Self-Strengthening Movement) Self-Strengthening Movement , seeking to adopt western weapons and technologies, but this had limited impact for much of the empire.[ 81]     The Qing's defeat by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan) (Empire of Japan) Empire of Japan in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War) (First Sino-Japanese War) First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) resulted in the loss of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Taiwan and the growth of both reformist and revolutionary political movements. An (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days'_Reform) (Hundred Days' Reform) imperial push for reform in 1898 was ended after an internal coup, while the anti-foreign (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion) (Boxer Rebellion) Boxer Rebellion was defeated by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance) (Eight-Nation Alliance) coalition of foreign powers in 1901. The late Qing dynasty again (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms) (Late Qing reforms) advanced reforms , but growing revolutionary and anti-Manchu sentiment culminated in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Revolution) (1911 Revolution) 1911 Revolution . A coalition of revolutionaries led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen) (Sun Yat-sen) Sun Yat-sen overthrew the Qing and declared the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)) (Republic of China (1912–1949)) Republic of China (ROC) in 1912.[ 82]    [ 83]       Republic of China  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)) (Republic of China (1912–1949)) Republic of China (1912–1949)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_Bund_seen_from_the_French_Concession.jpg) (A black and white postcard showing the Shanghai Bund, with streetcars and European-style buildings)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bund) (The Bund) The Shanghai Bund , (circa) c.  1934   President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai) (Yuan Shikai) Yuan Shikai crushed his main opposition, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang) (Kuomintang) Kuomintang , and ruled China as a dictator until his death in 1916, following an abortive attempt to restore the monarchy. During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord_Era) (Warlord Era) Warlord Era , feuding regional warlords and governors took power across China, while Tibet and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia) (Mongolia) Mongolia declared independence. The nominal republican government had little control outside Beijing. During this period, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Culture_Movement) (New Culture Movement) New Culture intellectuals and students rebelled against traditional society. A crackdown on a student protest in 1919 led to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement) (May Fourth Movement) May Fourth Movement and further agitation by intellectuals for a cultural and political upheaval, with many embracing Western political ideas such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism) (Communism) communism .[ 84]    [ 85]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong) (Mao Zedong) Mao Zedong and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek) (Chiang Kai-shek) Chiang Kai-shek toasting together in 1945 following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia) (End of World War II in Asia) end of World War II   In the mid-1920s, the Kuomintang allied with the nascent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) (Chinese Communist Party) Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and, led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek) (Chiang Kai-shek) Chiang Kai-shek , launched the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Expedition) (Northern Expedition) Northern Expedition to reunify China. In 1927, the Kuomintang violently purged the CCP and gained the allegiance of the northern warlords, establishing a new government at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing) (Nanjing) Nanjing .[ 86]    The CCP was driven into the countryside and repressed, before (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan'an_Soviet) (Yan'an Soviet) regrouping in the northwest .[ 87]    [ 88]     Japan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria) (Japanese invasion of Manchuria) occupied Manchuria in 1931, before launching an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War) (Second Sino-Japanese War) invasion of the rest of China in 1937. A renewed coalition between the CCP and Kuomintang fought Japan in what became a theater of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II , as Japanese forces committed numerous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes) (Japanese war crimes) war atrocities against the civilian population and occupied most of China's major cities.[ 89]    [ 90]    [ 91]    After the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan) (Surrender of Japan) surrender of Japan in 1945, China became a founding member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations and regained control over Manchuria and Taiwan. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War) (Chinese Civil War) civil war between the CCP and the Kuomintang resumed the following year.[ 92]       People's Republic of China  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (History of the People's Republic of China) History of the People's Republic of China  After a string of military victories, CCP chairman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong) (Mao Zedong) Mao Zedong formally (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Proclamation of the People's Republic of China) proclaimed the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. The ROC government (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan) (Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan) retreated to Taiwan and continued to claim legitimacy.[ 93]    The following year, the PRC began to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China) occupy and annex Tibet .[ 94]    The PRC, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_democratic_dictatorship) (People's democratic dictatorship) people's democratic dictatorship under CCP control, enacted many reforms: it restructured the economy under state control, promoted literacy and women's equality, expanded heavy industry, and promoted land collectivization through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement) (Land Reform Movement) Land Reform Movement , which saw state-tolerated violence against landlords by the peasantry and the death of upwards of a million people.[ 95]    [ 96]    [ 97]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big-_character_Posters_in_Peking_1976_(25673509518).jpg) (A group of pedestrians and cyclists by a large poster with Chinese political writing, alongside a portrait of Mao Zedong and a Chinese flag)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-character_poster) (Big-character poster) big-character poster and portrait of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong) (Mao Zedong) Mao Zedong in Beijing during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution) (Cultural Revolution) Cultural Revolution , 1976  In 1958, Mao launched the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward) (Great Leap Forward) Great Leap Forward , a mass industrialization project which resulted in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine) (Great Chinese Famine) Great Chinese Famine and millions of deaths. As the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War) (Cold War) Cold War deepened, China (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split) (Sino-Soviet split) grew politically isolated from its former ally , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) (Soviet Union) Soviet Union , as well as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bloc) (Western Bloc) Western Bloc . It (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_596) (Project 596) detonated its first atomic bomb in 1964.[ 98]    [ 99]    Attempting to reassert control of the CCP after the Great Leap, Mao and his allies launched the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution) (Cultural Revolution) Cultural Revolution in 1966, sparking a decade of political violence, crackdowns on perceived counterrevolutionaries, and social upheaval that lasted until (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mao_Zedong) (Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong) Mao's death in 1976.[ 100]    [ 101]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping) (Deng Xiaoping) Deng Xiaoping served as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader) (Paramount leader) paramount leader from 1978 to 1989. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up) (Reform and opening up) reform and opening up during the 1980s and 1990s saw economic liberalization towards a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_market_economy) (Socialist market economy) socialist market economy , rapid economic growth, friendlier relations with the West, and crackdowns on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_and_dissent_in_China) (Protest and dissent in China) political dissent in events such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre) (1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre) 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre .[ 102]    China shifted away from an agricultural economy and rapidly urbanized, although this led to stark (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality_in_China) (Economic inequality in China) economic inequality between urban and rural areas, as well as environmental deterioration.[ 103]    Since the 1990s, market forces have become China's main economic driver.[ 104]    Paramount leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping) Xi Jinping , in power since 2012, has launched a far-reaching (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping) (Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping) anti-corruption campaign , abolished presidential (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limit) (Term limit) term limits , and expanded Chinese economic influence through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative) (Belt and Road Initiative) Belt and Road Initiative .[ 105]       Geography  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_China) (Geography of China) Geography of China  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_China) (Climate of China) Climate of China and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_China) (Geology of China) Geology of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_Köppen.svg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köppen_climate_classification) (Köppen climate classification) Köppen-Geiger climate classification map for mainland China[ 106]      China's geography is highly varied, featuring a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_China) (Western China) dry and mountainous west , alongside both mountains and wide river valleys in the east. Chinese civilization was traditionally centered in the lowlands around its two largest rivers: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze) (Yangtze) Yangtze and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River) (Yellow River) Yellow River , both originating on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau) (Tibetan Plateau) Tibetan Plateau . This temperate region is bordered by forest and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe) (Steppe) steppe to the north, alongside the mountainous and subtropical (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China) (Northern and southern China) south .[ 107]    China's shoreline spans the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohai_Sea) (Bohai Sea) Bohai Sea , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Sea) (Yellow Sea) Yellow Sea , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea) (East China Sea) East China Sea , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea) (South China Sea) South China Sea , all part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean) (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean . The largest island of China is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan) (Geography of Taiwan) Taiwan , while the largest island governed by the PRC is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan) (Hainan) Hainan . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhoushan) (Zhoushan) Zhoushan is the largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago) (Archipelago) archipelago .[ 108]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poyang_Lake) (Poyang Lake) Poyang Lake is the largest of the country's many freshwater lakes.[ 109]     Large mountain ranges in the west, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas) (Himalayas) Himalayas and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Shan) (Tian Shan) Tian Shan , separate China from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia) (South Asia) South and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia) (Central Asia) Central Asia . It features both the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpan_Depression) (Turpan Depression) Turpan Depression , among the deepest points on land, and the high Tibetan Plateau.[ 110]    The world's highest point, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest) (Mount Everest) Mount Everest (8,848 metres or 29,029 feet ), lies on the border with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal) (Nepal) Nepal .[ 111]    China has a wide variety of ore and mineral resources.[ 112]     Its climate is mainly dominated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_season) (Dry season) dry seasons and wet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoons) (Monsoons) monsoons , which lead to pronounced temperature differences between winter and summer. In the winter, northern winds coming from high-latitude areas are cold and dry; in summer, southern winds from coastal areas at lower latitudes are warm and moist.[ 113]    Its northwestern deserts receive as little as 50  mm (2.0  in) of rainfall annually, while much of southern China exceeds 1,000  mm (39  in) .[ 114]    Much of eastern China is well-suited for agriculture, with two or three crops able to be harvested per year. The south is dominated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice) (Rice) rice farming, while the north grows crops such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat) (Wheat) wheat and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize) (Maize) maize .[ 115]    In 2021, 12% of global permanent meadows and pastures belonged to China, as well as 8% of global cropland.[ 116]     China frequently (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_China) (Natural disasters in China) faces natural disasters . Its adjacency to both the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Fire) (Ring of Fire) Pacific Ring of Fire and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpide_belt) (Alpide belt) Alpide belt (major belts of tectonic activity) result in frequent earthquakes, the cause of the majority of China's natural disaster deaths. Severe quakes such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Tangshan_earthquake) (1976 Tangshan earthquake) 1976 Tangshan earthquake can cause hundreds of thousands of deaths.[ 117]    Severe rainstorms and flooding are common hazards,[ 118]    with the Yellow River's perennial floods devastating the surrounding plains throughout recorded history.[ 119]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon) (Typhoon) Typhoons frequently impact southeastern China, causing casualties and economic damages.[ 120]     Environment  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_China) (Environment of China) Environment of China , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_China) (Wildlife of China) Wildlife of China , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China) (Environmental issues in China) Environmental issues in China  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China) (Renewable energy in China) Renewable energy in China , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China) (Energy policy of China) Energy policy of China , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China) (Climate change in China) Climate change in China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_Panda_Eating.jpg)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_panda) (Giant panda) giant panda , a symbol of China, eating (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo) (Bamboo) bamboo   China is one of 17 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadiverse_countries) (Megadiverse countries) megadiverse countries , containing a wide variety of forests, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubland) (Shrubland) shrublands , wetlands, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe) (Steppe) steppes , and deserts, which host (as of 2018) 92,300 known species of plants, animals, and fungi.[ 121]    According to government surveys, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_in_China?action=edit&redlink=1) (Forestry in China (page does not exist)) China's forest coverage grew from 10% of the overall territory in 1949 to 25% in 2024.[ 122]    The far north contains (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga) (Taiga) taiga , which to the south transitions into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous) (Deciduous) deciduous forest. South of the Yangtze, mixed conifer and deciduous forest is common, with tropical and subtropical forests farther south.[ 123]     In the 21st century, China has suffered from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China) (Environmental issues in China) environmental deterioration and pollution due to rapid development, alongside the broader effects of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change) (Climate change) climate change . About 11% of its plant species and 21% of its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate) (Vertebrate) vertebrate species are threatened or endangered due to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_loss) (Habitat loss) habitat loss , pollution, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching) (Poaching) poaching .[ 124]    "Flagship" endangered species such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_panda) (Giant panda) giant panda and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger) (Tiger) tiger have received additional funding and protection.[ 125]     Although China ranks as the highest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions) (List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions) CO2 emitting country, it only emits 8 tons of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita) (List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita) CO2 per capita as of 2020, significantly lower than many developed countries.[ 126]    Total (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_China) (Greenhouse gas emissions by China) greenhouse gas emissions by China are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions) (List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions) world's largest .[ 126]    The PRC has prioritized clamping down on pollution,[ 127]    announcing its aims to reach its peak emissions levels before 2030, and achieve (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_neutrality) (Carbon neutrality) carbon neutrality by 2060.[ 128]    [ 129]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution_in_China) (Water pollution in China) Water pollution in China has improved since the 2000s, owing to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatment) (Water treatment) water treatment efforts, but river pollution remains a severe issue, especially in the east.[ 130]     China is the world's leading investor in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy) (Renewable energy) renewable energy and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization) (Renewable energy commercialization) its commercialization , investing CN¥3.6 trillion in 2022 alone.[ 131]    Traditionally reliant on non-renewable energy sources such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_in_China) (Coal in China) coal , China's adaptation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China) (Renewable energy in China) renewable energy has increased significantly in recent years.[ 132]    In 2025, 54.4% of China's electricity came from coal, while 41.6% came from clean energy sources.[ 133]    Despite its emphasis on renewables, China remains deeply connected to global oil markets.[ 134]      Political geography  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_China) (Borders of China) Borders of China , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastline_of_China) (Coastline of China) Coastline of China , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Territorial changes of the People's Republic of China) Territorial changes of the People's Republic of China , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_China) (Territorial disputes of China) Territorial disputes of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_administrative.png)   Map depicting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_China) (Territorial disputes of China) territorial disputes between the PRC and neighboring states  China is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) second-largest country by land area after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia , and the third- or fourth-largest by total area.[ k]    Total area figures range from 9,572,900  km 2 (3,696,100  sq  mi) [ 12]    to 9,596,961  km 2 (3,705,407  sq  mi) .[ 4]    [ 7]    China (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_China) (Borders of China) borders 14 nations , with a combined land border length of 22,117  km (13,743  mi) . Its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastline_of_China) (Coastline of China) coastline spans approximately 14,500  km (9,000  mi) .[ 7]     The PRC has engaged in 23 border disputes since 1949, of which six are unsettled.[ 135]    It actively (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute) (Sino-Indian border dispute) disputes several portions of its Himalayan border with India, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksai_Chin) (Aksai Chin) Aksai Chin in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir) (Kashmir) Kashmir and most of the Indian state of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh) (Arunachal Pradesh) Arunachal Pradesh , which led to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020–2021_China–India_skirmishes) (2020–2021 China–India skirmishes) military skirmishes in 2020 .[ 136]    [ 137]    It maintains maritime disputes with Japan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_Islands_dispute) (Senkaku Islands dispute) over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands and with various countries over the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea_Islands) (South China Sea Islands) South China Sea Islands , including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands) (Spratly Islands) Spratly Islands and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracel_Islands) (Paracel Islands) Paracel Islands , which has led to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_conflicts_(1979–1991)) (Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)) skirmishes with Vietnam and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines) (Philippines) Philippines .[ 137]    [ 138]     Both the PRC and the ROC on Taiwan claim legitimacy as the government of China, leading to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-strait_relations) (Cross-strait relations) cross-strait tensions . The PRC classifies Taiwan as a de jure (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_(People's_Republic_of_China_province)) (Taiwan (People's Republic of China province)) province ,[ 139]    [ 140]    [ 141]    with the ROC-controlled islands of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen) (Kinmen) Kinmen and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsu_Islands) (Matsu Islands) Matsu as a part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian) (Fujian) Fujian Province .[ 142]    [ 143]       Politics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_China) (Politics of China) Politics of China   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:人民大会堂_2024-05-15.jpg)     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People) (Great Hall of the People) Great Hall of the People , where the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People's_Congress) (National People's Congress) National People's Congress convenes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xinhuamen_Gate_of_Zhongnanhai_across_Changan_Street_2.JPG)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongnanhai) (Zhongnanhai) Zhongnanhai , headquarters of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (State Council of the People's Republic of China) Chinese government and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) (Chinese Communist Party) Chinese Communist Party      The PRC is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state) (Unitary state) unitary state under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Party_leads_everything) (The Party leads everything) absolute leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. Since the 1980s, the CCP has called its guiding theories and policies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics) (Socialism with Chinese characteristics) socialism with Chinese characteristics , which it considers an adapted form of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism–Leninism) (Marxism–Leninism) Marxism–Leninism that emphasizes a market economy as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism) (Primary stage of socialism) primary stage of socialism .[ 144]    [ 145]    [ 146]    The PRC describes itself as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_state_(communism)) (Socialist state (communism)) socialist state ,[ 146]    [ 147]    and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_democratic_dictatorship) (People's democratic dictatorship) people's democratic dictatorship .[ l]    [ 149]    Many academic sources describe it as an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism) (Authoritarianism) authoritarian state, although others dispute this label.[ 150]    [ 151]    [ 152]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People's_Congress) (National People's Congress) National People's Congress (NPC) holds the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_state_power) (Unified state power) unified powers of the state and oversight over all state organs, with its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress) (Standing Committee of the National People's Congress) NPC Standing Committee elected to meet between the annual NPC meetings.[ 153]    Its elections are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_election) (Indirect election) indirect and the CCP controls nominations.[ 154]    [ 153]    The NPC ostensibly elects positions such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China) (President of China) president , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_China) (Vice President of China) vice president , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)) military chairman , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_People's_Court) (President of the Supreme People's Court) chief justice , and approves the president's nomination for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_China) (Premier of China) premier (the head of government). In practice, the CCP leadership chooses candidates for these posts. The premier heads the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_China) (State Council of China) State Council , which includes 26 ministers, including the heads of ministries and commissions.[ 153]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference) (Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference is an advisory body that formally leads the CCP's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_front_(China)) (United front (China)) united front system, which aims to gain support from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Party_intellectuals) (Non-Party intellectuals) non-CCP intellectuals , eight (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_parties_(China)) (Democratic parties (China)) minor parties , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_organization) (People's organization) people's organizations .[ 155]    [ 156]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_China) (Constitution of China) PRC's current constitution dates to 1982, succeeding two earlier constitutions.[ 157]    The governance of China is characterized by a high degree of political centralization but significant economic decentralization.[ 158]    Policy instruments or processes are often tested locally before being adapted and applied more widely.[ 159]    [ 160]    Surveys have generally shown that the Chinese public has a high level of support for the government.[ m]    [ 161]    [ 162]     Chinese Communist Party  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping_on_August_18,_2026_(cropped).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping) Xi Jinping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) CCP General Secretary and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China) (President of China) President    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Li_Qiang_meets_Keir_Starmer_Jan_2026.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang) (Li Qiang) Li Qiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_China) (Premier of China) Premier     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zhao_Leji_meets_Keir_Starmer_Jan_2026.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Leji) (Zhao Leji) Zhao Leji  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress) (Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress) Congress Chairman    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wang_Huning_2025_National_People's_Congress.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Huning) (Wang Huning) Wang Huning  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference) (Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) CPPCC Chairman       The CCP is the founding and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state) (One-party state) sole ruling party of the PRC,[ 163]    organized to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninist) (Leninist) Leninist principles as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguardism) (Vanguardism) vanguard party .[ 164]    The party's highest body is its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) National Congress , which mainly consists of members elected by party membership[ n]    and meets every five years. The National Congress elects the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Central Committee , which convenes yearly as the highest party organ between congresses. The Central Committee ostensibly elects the party's top leadership, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) general secretary . In practice, the committee typically approves a slate of candidates created by existing party leadership.[ 166]    [ 167]     The Politburo usually gathers once a month, while the smaller Politburo Standing Committee is thought to meet weekly.[ 168]    The general secretary holds ultimate power and authority over party and state and serves as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader) (Paramount leader) paramount leader of China.[ 169]    The current general secretary is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping) Xi Jinping , who took office on 15 November 2012.[ 170]    The National Congress also elects the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) Central Commission for Discipline Inspection , the party's main disciplinary and anti-corruption organ.[ 171]     As the CCP and the government itself are closely intertwined, disputes within the party represent the main form of political contention in China.[ 172]    [ 173]    The CCP controls appointments in government bodies, with most senior government officials being CCP members.[ 172]    The appointment of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_system_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party) CCP cadres and the leadership of major (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China) (State-owned enterprises of China) state-owned enterprises and institutions is managed by the party's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party) Organization Department .[ 174]    The CCP maintains committees on a national and local scale, with about 5.1 million committees at the grassroots level.[ 166]    The Leninist principle of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism) (Democratic centralism) democratic centralism mandates that decisions within the party are binding on all members.[ 175]      Administrative divisions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China) (Administrative divisions of China) Administrative divisions of China , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong) (Districts of Hong Kong) Districts of Hong Kong , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_and_parishes_of_Macau) (Municipalities and parishes of Macau) Municipalities and parishes of Macau  The PRC is constitutionally a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state) (Unitary state) unitary state divided into 23 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_China) (Provinces of China) provinces ,[ o]    five (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China) (Autonomous regions of China) autonomous regions (each with a designated minority group), four (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-administered_municipality) (Direct-administered municipality) direct-administered municipalities , as well as the autonomous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China) (Special administrative regions of China) special administrative regions (SARs) of Hong Kong and Macau.[ 176]    Provinces and their equivalents are divided into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture_(China)) (Prefecture (China)) prefectures and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city) (Prefecture-level city) prefecture-level cities . These are divided into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(China)) (County (China)) counties , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County-level_city) (County-level city) county-level cities , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_(China)) (District (China)) districts . Under these, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(China)) (Township (China)) townships are the basic form of local government. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_China) (Elections in China) Elections occur only at the township and county levels.[ 177]           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang) (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region) (Tibet (Xizang) Autonomous Region) (Tibet (Xizang) Autonomous Region)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai) (Qinghai Province) (Qinghai Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansu) (Gansu Province) (Gansu Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan) (Sichuan Province) (Sichuan Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan) (Yunnan Province) (Yunnan Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningxia) (Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) (Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia) (Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) Autonomous Region) (Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) Autonomous Region)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi) (Shaanxi Province) (Shaanxi Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing) (Municipality of Chongqing) (Municipality of Chongqing)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou) (Guizhou Province) (Guizhou Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi) (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi) (Shanxi Province) (Shanxi Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan) (Henan Province) (Henan Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei) (Hubei Province) (Hubei Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan) (Hunan Province) (Hunan Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong) (Guangdong Province) (Guangdong Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan) (Hainan Province) (Hainan Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei) (Hebei Province) (Hebei Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilongjiang) (Heilongjiang Province) (Heilongjiang Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilin) (Jilin Province) (Jilin Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning) (Liaoning Province) (Liaoning Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing) (Municipality of Beijing) (Municipality of Beijing)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin) (Municipality of Tianjin) (Municipality of Tianjin)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong) (Shandong Province) (Shandong Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu) (Jiangsu Province) (Jiangsu Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui) (Anhui Province) (Anhui Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai) (Municipality of Shanghai) (Municipality of Shanghai)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang) (Zhejiang Province) (Zhejiang Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxi) (Jiangxi Province) (Jiangxi Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian) (Fujian Province) (Fujian Province)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau) (Macau Special Administrative Region) (Macau Special Administrative Region)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_(People's_Republic_of_China_province)) (Taiwan Province) (Taiwan Province)      First level administrative divisions of the PRC by type Type List  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_China) (Provinces of China) Provinces   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui) (Anhui) Anhui ((Chinese-language text) 安徽省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian) (Fujian) Fujian ((Chinese-language text) 福建省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansu) (Gansu) Gansu ((Chinese-language text) 甘肃省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong) (Guangdong) Guangdong ((Chinese-language text) 广东省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou) (Guizhou) Guizhou ((Chinese-language text) 贵州省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan) (Hainan) Hainan ((Chinese-language text) 海南省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei) (Hebei) Hebei ((Chinese-language text) 河北省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilongjiang) (Heilongjiang) Heilongjiang ((Chinese-language text) 黑龙江省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan) (Henan) Henan ((Chinese-language text) 河南省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei) (Hubei) Hubei ((Chinese-language text) 湖北省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan) (Hunan) Hunan ((Chinese-language text) 湖南省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu) (Jiangsu) Jiangsu ((Chinese-language text) 江苏省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxi) (Jiangxi) Jiangxi ((Chinese-language text) 江西省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilin) (Jilin) Jilin ((Chinese-language text) 吉林省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning) (Liaoning) Liaoning ((Chinese-language text) 辽宁省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai) (Qinghai) Qinghai ((Chinese-language text) 青海省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi) (Shaanxi) Shaanxi ((Chinese-language text) 陕西省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong) (Shandong) Shandong ((Chinese-language text) 山东省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi) (Shanxi) Shanxi ((Chinese-language text) 山西省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan) (Sichuan) Sichuan ((Chinese-language text) 四川省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan) (Yunnan) Yunnan ((Chinese-language text) 云南省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang) (Zhejiang) Zhejiang ((Chinese-language text) 浙江省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_(People's_Republic_of_China_province)) (Taiwan (People's Republic of China province)) Taiwan  ((Chinese-language text) 台湾省  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  ) , governed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Republic of China     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China) (Autonomous regions of China) Autonomous regions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi) (Guangxi) Guangxi ((Chinese-language text) 广西壮族自治区  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia) (Inner Mongolia) Inner Mongolia ((Chinese-language text) 内蒙古自治区  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningxia) (Ningxia) Ningxia ((Chinese-language text) 宁夏回族自治区  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region) (Tibet Autonomous Region) Tibet ((Chinese-language text) 西藏自治区  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang) (Xinjiang) Xinjiang ((Chinese-language text) 新疆维吾尔自治区  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-administered_municipality) (Direct-administered municipality) Direct-administered municipalities  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing) (Beijing) Beijing ((Chinese-language text) 北京市  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing) (Chongqing) Chongqing ((Chinese-language text) 重庆市  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai) (Shanghai) Shanghai ((Chinese-language text) 上海市  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin) (Tianjin) Tianjin ((Chinese-language text) 天津市  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China) (Special administrative regions of China) Special administrative regions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) (Hong Kong) Hong Kong ((Chinese-language text) 香港特别行政区  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau) (Macau) Macau ((Chinese-language text) 澳门特别行政区  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )         Foreign relations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China) (Foreign relations of China) Foreign relations of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diplomatic_relations_of_China.svg)   Diplomatic relations of China:(mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      People's Republic of China (PRC) (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      Republic of China (ROC) (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      States that have diplomatic relations with the PRC (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      States that have diplomatic relations with the ROC (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      States that have diplomatic relations with neither   China is one of five permanent members of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council) (United Nations Security Council) United Nations Security Council and the second largest contributor to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations .[ 129]    [ 178]    China has the largest diplomatic network of any country: It has diplomatic relations with 179 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations) (Member states of the United Nations) United Nations member states and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China) (List of diplomatic missions of China) embassies in 174 .[ 179]    China is a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20) (G20) G20 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS) (BRICS) BRICS ,[ 180]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Summit) (East Asia Summit) East Asia Summit ,[ 181]    [ 182]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation) (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) APEC ,[ 183]    and other intergovernmental organizations.[ 180]     China is widely described as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower) (Superpower) superpower [ 184]    [ 185]    due to its influence in geopolitics, technology, manufacturing, economics and culture.[ 186]    [ 187]    Although China moderated its relations with the West during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up) (Reform and opening up) reform era ,[ 188]    its rise in power has brought political tensions with many of its neighbors in Asia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–United_States_relations) (China–United States relations) with the United States , the current dominant superpower.[ 189]    [ 190]    [ 191]    Although China is among the United States' largest trade partners, their relationship is tempered by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–United_States_trade_war) (China–United States trade war) a trade war [ 192]    [ 193]    and strong disagreements over the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan) (Political status of Taiwan) political status of Taiwan .[ 192]     China's foreign policy is based on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence) (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence , which include a principle of non-intervention in other countries' domestic affairs.[ 194]    Per its policy of non-alignment, China has no (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_pact) (Defense pact) defense pacts except for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_Friendship,_Cooperation_and_Mutual_Assistance_between_China_and_the_DPRK) (Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between China and the DPRK) its 1961 treaty with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea) (North Korea) North Korea ,[ 191]    although it maintains close relationships with neighboring countries such as Pakistan[ 191]    and Russia.[ 189]    The PRC has invested heavily in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country) (Developing country) developing countries across Asia, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America) (Latin America) Latin America , and Africa, creating a system of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_bank) (Development bank) development banks and loans through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative) (Belt and Road Initiative) Belt and Road Initiative .[ 195]      Military  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army) (People's Liberation Army) People's Liberation Army  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quadruple_formation_of_J-20_at_CCAS2023_(20230724100632).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu_J-20) (Chengdu J-20) Chengdu J-20 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-generation_fighter) (Fifth-generation fighter) 5th generation stealth fighter  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army) (People's Liberation Army) People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the main armed forces of China, under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Party_commands_the_gun) (The Party commands the gun) direct control of the CCP.[ 196]    It consists of four services: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force) (People's Liberation Army Ground Force) Ground Force , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Navy) (People's Liberation Army Navy) Navy , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Air_Force) (People's Liberation Army Air Force) Air Force , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force) (People's Liberation Army Rocket Force) Rocket Force , and four arms: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force) (People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force) Aerospace Force , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Cyberspace_Force) (People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force) Cyberspace Force , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Information_Support_Force) (People's Liberation Army Information Support Force) Information Support Force , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Joint_Logistics_Support_Force) (People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force) Joint Logistics Support Force .[ 197]    It has around 2 million active soldiers, alongside the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_China) (Nuclear weapons of China) third-largest stockpile of nuclear weapons ,[ 198]    and the world's largest navy by ship count.[ 199]     The PLA is considered one of the world's most powerful militaries and has (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernization_of_the_People's_Liberation_Army) (Modernization of the People's Liberation Army) rapidly modernized in the recent decades.[ 200]    A 2026 study estimates that its 2025 expenditure was 2.27 trillion yuan (US$336 billion), 12% of global military spending and 1.7% of China's GDP.[ 201]    The PLA, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Armed_Police) (People's Armed Police) People's Armed Police and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(China)) (Militia (China)) Militia are commanded by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Central Military Commission (China)) Central Military Commission (CMC). The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)) chairman of the CMC , currently Xi Jinping, is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_command_of_the_armed_forces_in_China) (Supreme command of the armed forces in China) commander-in-chief of the PLA (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_responsibility_system) (Chairman responsibility system) chairman responsibility system .[ 202]    [ 203]       Law and policing  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China) (Judicial system of China) Judicial system of China , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Law of the People's Republic of China) Law of the People's Republic of China , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China) (Law enforcement in China) Law enforcement in China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20190501_162539_Shanghai_(172).jpg) (A group of seven Chinese police officers in various uniforms)   Police officers in Shanghai  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China) (Judicial system of China) Chinese judicial system consists of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_people's_court) (Local people's court) people's courts at provincial, regional, and local levels, alongside circuit courts for regional matters and specialized courts to handle professional disputes. The highest legal authority is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People's_Court) (Supreme People's Court) Supreme People's Court .[ 204]    The courts are closely controlled by the CCP, supervised by corresponding (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_people's_congress) (System of people's congress) people's congress , and led by CCP appointees.[ 205]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Law of the People's Republic of China) PRC law derives from a combination of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)) (Civil law (legal system)) civil law , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_law) (Chinese law) traditional Chinese law , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_law) (Socialist law) socialist law .[ 206]     China's law enforcement system is managed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)) (Ministry of Public Security (China)) Ministry of Public Security , which oversees (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)) (Public security bureau (China)) public security bureaus (PSBs) in each province, themselves divided into local levels. Local sub-bureaus and stations handle most routine policing.[ 207]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Armed_Police) (People's Armed Police) People's Armed Police , a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary) (Paramilitary) paramilitary force, is administered by the CMC and supports emergency response measures.[ 208]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_credit_system) (Social credit system) social credit system maintains a network of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklisting) (Blacklisting) blacklists to record businesses and individuals who violate regulations, court orders, or financial agreements.[ 209]    The PRC has periodically mobilized anti-crime campaigns, using heavy penalties as a form of deterrence.[ 210]    Violent crimes are the highest priority for enforcement, although occur at relatively low rates.[ 211]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China) (Capital punishment in China) Capital punishment has declined since the Mao era, but remains common;[ 210]    China has the most executions per year of any country.[ 212]      Human rights  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_China) (Human rights in China) Human rights in China  Various human rights organizations, United Nations assessments, and foreign governments have accused the PRC of severe human rights violations.[ 213]    [ 214]    It has been accused of political repression, torture, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indefinite_detention) (Indefinite detention) indefinite detention , restrictions on free speech and religious practice, excessive use of capital punishment, and the persecution of ethnic minorities.[ 215]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_(48108594957).jpg)   The PRC cracked down on political rights in Hong Kong following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019–20_Hong_Kong_protests) (2019–20 Hong Kong protests) 2019-2020 protests .  Although the Chinese constitution protects a wide variety of civil and political rights, these largely lack enforcement mechanisms. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petitioning_(China)) (Petitioning (China)) petitioning system allows citizens to raise complaints of wrongdoing, although the concerns are often left unaddressed, and some petitioners have faced punitive arrest or incarceration.[ 214]    In the 21st century, the PRC has participated extensively with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council) (United Nations Human Rights Council) United Nations Human Rights Council ,[ 213]    but has remained strongly critical of international scrutiny of its human rights, seeing it as an interference in its internal affairs.[ 216]    [ 214]     In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang) (Xinjiang) Xinjiang , the PRC has restricted the civil rights of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs) (Uyghurs) Uyghurs , who face (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China) (Persecution of Uyghurs in China) widespread discrimination ,[ 217]    [ 218]    police crackdowns, and restrictions on Islamic religious practice and the use of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_language) (Uyghur language) Uyghur language . The PRC interred over a million Uyghurs in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps) (Xinjiang internment camps) network of internment camps in the late 2010s, which have evolved into a system of prisons and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_forced_labour) (Uyghur forced labour) forced labor .[ 219]    The US has accused China of committing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide) (Genocide) genocide in Xinjiang,[ 220]    while several UN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights) (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights) OHCHR [ p]    experts have equated it to "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_China) (Slavery in China) enslavement as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_against_humanity) (Crime against humanity) crime against humanity ".[ 221]    The PRC restricted the civil and political rights of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) (Hong Kong) Hong Kong residents.[ 222]    [ 223]    Since the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019–2020_Hong_Kong_protests) (2019–2020 Hong Kong protests) 2019–2020 protests , the PRC has cracked down on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)) (Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)) pro-democracy movement in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China) (Special administrative regions of China) SAR and removed much of its political autonomy.[ 223]    The PRC has cracked down on political expression in Tibet and strengthened state surveillance, restricting residents from obtaining passports and most foreigners from entering the region.[ 224]     The PRC prohibits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage) (Same-sex marriage) same-sex marriage or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_adoption) (Same-sex adoption) same-sex adoption , and regularly censors (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_people) (LGBTQ people) LGBTQ -related content. Many Chinese hospitals provide (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_therapy) (Conversion therapy) sexual conversion therapy , viewing homosexuality as a mental disorder.[ 225]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_China) (LGBTQ rights in China) LGBTQ rights advocates are surveilled and criminalized.[ 226]       Economy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China) (Economy of China) Economy of China  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_China) (Income inequality in China) Income inequality in China and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_in_China) (Industry in China) Industry in China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_photos_(14370159373).jpg)   The Shanghai Bund and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lujiazui) (Lujiazui) Lujiazui seen from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Tower) (Shanghai Tower) Shanghai Tower   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:海阳核电站厂区俯瞰.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiyang_Nuclear_Power_Plant) (Haiyang Nuclear Power Plant) Haiyang Nuclear Power Plant in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong) (Shandong) Shandong   The modern PRC is often described by analysts as an example of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_capitalism) (State capitalism) state capitalism or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-state_capitalism) (Party-state capitalism) party-state capitalism ,[ 146]    with both market forces and the state playing a major role in the economy.[ 227]    Various state organs manage the economy according to the State Council's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China) (Five-year plans of China) five-year plans .[ 228]    The PRC describes its economic system as a "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_market_economy) (Socialist market economy) socialist market economy ," in which the market plays a decisive role in resource allocation under the macro-control of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_state_(communism)) (Socialist state (communism)) socialist state .[ 229]    [ 230]    The Chinese economy has expanded more than 20 times since 2000,[ 231]    achieving the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) second-largest economy by GDP (135 trillion yuan)[ 232]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) the largest when adjusted for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) purchasing power parity .[ 233]    The PRC has brought more people out of extreme (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_China) (Poverty in China) poverty than any other country in history, roughly 800 million.[ 234]    [ 235]     China is the world's leading manufacturing power, accounting for 28% of global manufacturing as of 2024;[ 236]    it is the largest producer of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China) (Steel industry in China) steel ,[ 237]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-earth_industry_in_China) (Rare-earth industry in China) rare earths ,[ 238]    ships,[ 239]    and automobiles,[ 240]    as well as the largest exporter of electronics[ 241]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China) (Textile industry in China) textiles .[ 242]     The private sector is the largest portion of the Chinese economy, while about 30–40% is under state ownership. Less than 10% of exports were by state-owned companies, while industries such as transportation, utilities, and financial services are generally under state ownership.[ 243]    Since the 1990s, the PRC has decentralized its economic planning, with about 85% of government spending delegated to the provincial or local level,[ 244]    with local governments adapting national economic plans to suit local interests.[ 228]     China's main (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_exchanges) (Stock exchanges) stock exchanges are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange) (Shanghai Stock Exchange) Shanghai and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Stock_Exchange) (Shenzhen Stock Exchange) Shenzhen . Its stock market is the second largest, behind the US.[ 245]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_China) (Banking in China) Chinese banking system makes up a much larger share of the economy than most other countries. Four state-owned banks hold about 40% of the sector's assets as of 2022.[ 246]    The PRC has struggled to establish its currency, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi) (Renminbi) renminbi (in units of yuan), as an international (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_currency) (Reserve currency) reserve currency ;[ 247]    as of 2025, it is the seventh largest currency in foreign exchange reserves.[ 248]     About a third of China's workforce are domestic migrant workers, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_population) (Floating population) floating population . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukou) (Hukou) hukou   ('household individual') system restricts citizens' access to services and utilities outside of their registered home, leading to pronounced inequalities between workers from urban and rural areas. Especially in larger cities, only those with local hukou  may be able to buy property, though hukou restrictions have loosened significantly in the recent decades.[ 249]    [ 250]    [ 251]     According to 2026 state data, China's urban unemployment rate was 5.0%.[ 252]    Including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discouraged_worker) (Discouraged worker) discouraged workers , economist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Daokui_Li) (David Daokui Li) Li Daokui estimated that the true national unemployment rate was 10.2%.[ 253]    The PRC has a high (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio) (Debt-to-GDP ratio) debt-to-GDP ratio (almost 300% in 2020),[ 254]    with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_debt) (Household debt) household debt at about 65% of the GDP.[ 255]    The PRC has faced a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_property_sector_crisis_(2020–present)) (Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)) property sector crisis since 2020. By the late 2010s, Chinese real estate assets far exceed the combined total of stocks, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(finance)) (Bond (finance)) bonds , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_(finance)) (Deposit (finance)) deposits .[ 256]     Science and technology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China) (Science and technology in China) Science and technology in China , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_discoveries) (List of Chinese discoveries) List of Chinese discoveries , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions) (List of Chinese inventions) List of Chinese inventions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Launch_of_Shenzhou_13.jpg)   Launch of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhou_13) (Shenzhou 13) Shenzhou 13 by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_March_2F) (Long March 2F) Long March 2F rocket  As the world's largest economy for much of its history, China has produced many inventions and scientific discoveries. It is credited with the invention of paper, printing, the compass, and gunpowder.[ 257]    The PRC has pursued rapid technological development since the reform era.[ 258]    It has greatly advanced in the fields of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence) (Artificial intelligence) artificial intelligence , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics) (Robotics) robotics , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology) (Biotechnology) biotechnology ,[ 259]    while the Xi administration has prioritized (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_technology) (Green technology) green technology [ 129]    and reducing Chinese dependence on foreign technology.[ 260]    It has emphasized (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy) (Technocracy) technocratic leadership in the 2020s, promoting experts in scientific fields to national leadership positions,[ 261]    while bringing major private technology firms such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent) (Tencent) Tencent and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group) (Alibaba Group) Alibaba under state regulation.[ 262]    Geopolitical tensions have led to Europe and the United States to restrict Chinese access to their technology,[ 263]    especially (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor) (Semiconductor) semiconductors ,[ 264]    and launch sanctions targeting the telecommunications and electronics firm (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei) (Huawei) Huawei .[ 265]     Since launching (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Fang_Hong_1) (Dong Fang Hong 1) its first satellite in 1970,[ 266]    China has maintained (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_space_program) (Chinese space program) an active space program . Behind the United States and the Soviet Union, it was the third country to independently launch an orbital satellite and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhou_5) (Shenzhou 5) in 2003 became the third to bring astronauts into orbit .[ 267]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program) (Chinese Lunar Exploration Program) Chinese Lunar Exploration Program has sent multiple robotic landers to the moon,[ 268]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_Exploration_of_China) (Planetary Exploration of China) Planetary Exploration of China program has sent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianwen-1) (Tianwen-1) a lander and rover to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars) (Mars) Mars ,[ 269]    while its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiangong_space_station) (Tiangong space station) Tiangong space station has hosted crewed operations in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit) (Low Earth orbit) Low Earth orbit since 2021.[ 270]      Infrastructure and transportation  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_China) (Transport in China) Transport in China and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China) (Telecommunications in China) Telecommunications in China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CR400BF-Z-0312@BJI_(20231009152047).jpg) (A train running on an elevated track through a commercial area)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuxing_(train)) (Fuxing (train)) Fuxing high-speed train running in Beijing  Since the 1990s, automobiles have become a common form of transport in China.[ 271]    According to state data, the Chinese highway network exceeds 6,000,000 kilometres (3,700,000  mi) by the end of 2021, having grown 30% over the past decade. In addition to local and provincial routes, this network includes the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_highways_of_China) (National highways of China) national highways , which are divided between the ordinary highways (of various classes) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressways_of_China) (Expressways of China) national expressway system . China has the largest highway and rail systems in the world by capacity,[ 272]    [ 273]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rail_transport_network_size) (List of countries by rail transport network size) second-longest rail network at 165,000  km (102,526  mi) .[ 274]    According to 2022 state data, over 95% of cities exceeding one million residents have access to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China) (High-speed rail in China) high-speed rail .[ 272]    Out of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_container_ports) (List of busiest container ports) 50 busiest container ports , 18 are located in China, including the world's busiest, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Shanghai) (Port of Shanghai) Port of Shanghai .[ 275]    China has the largest domestic aviation market by passenger capacity, and maintains 262 airports as of 2025.[ 276]     Chinese cities are disparate in their level of infrastructure. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_city_tier_system) (Chinese city tier system) Tier-one cities such as Beijing and Shanghai have elaborate and advanced infrastructure networks, while smaller cities and rural areas often have outdated and underfunded transit and public utilities.[ 277]    Water resources in China are unevenly distributed. With industrialization and rapid development, the drier north has faced endemic water shortages. To combat this, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South–North_Water_Transfer_Project) (South–North Water Transfer Project) South–North Water Transfer Project pumps water from the Yangtze basin to supply northern cities.[ 278]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg) (A wide shot of the Three Gorges Dam)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam) (Three Gorges Dam) Three Gorges Dam , the largest hydroelectric dam in the world  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Grid_Corporation_of_China) (State Grid Corporation of China) State Grid Corporation of China , the world's largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utility) (Public utility) utility company , manages the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid) (Electrical grid) electrical grid for most of the country, with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Southern_Power_Grid) (China Southern Power Grid) China Southern Power Grid as the electric utility in some southern provinces.[ 279]    Power generation is primarily managed by five state-owned corporations, alongside local and provincial utilities.[ 279]    [ 280]    Most of China's renewable energy comes from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_China) (Hydroelectricity in China) hydropower .[ 281]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam) (Three Gorges Dam) Three Gorges Dam is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_power_stations) (List of largest power stations) world's largest power station by capacity .[ 282]     China has the largest number of internet users and websites of any country.[ 283]    According to state data, it has 1.125 billion internet users as of 2025, about 80% of its population.[ 284]    The PRC has an extensive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China) (Internet censorship in China) system of internet censorship . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Firewall) (Great Firewall) Great Firewall , a system of internet controls and regulations, blocks access to many foreign websites. It can be circumvented through (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network) (Virtual private network) virtual private networks , but these face occasional crackdowns.[ 285]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China) (Cyberspace Administration of China) Cyberspace Administration of China acts as the national internet regulator and censor.[ 286]    [ 287]    Most (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China) (Telecommunications in China) telecommunications are operated by state-owned companies.[ 280]       Demographics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_China) (Demographics of China) Demographics of China  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law) (Chinese nationality law) Chinese nationality law and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_policies_of_China) (Family planning policies of China) Family planning policies of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_Population_Density_Map_2020.png)   Map of China's population density across third-level administrative divisions. Based on the results of the 2020 census.  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Chinese_census) (2020 Chinese census) 2020 Chinese census recorded the population as approximately 1,411,778,724. About 17.95% were 14 years old or younger, 63.35% were between 15 and 59, and 18.7% were over 60.[ 288]    Between 2010 and 2020, the average population growth rate was 0.53%.[ 288]    Since 2022, deaths have outpaced births.[ 289]    China has among the lowest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_rate) (Total fertility rate) total fertility rates (births per woman) in the world, around 1.0 as of 2025.[ 290]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_of_China) (Aging of China) China has a rapidly aging population : the proportion of Chinese over 65 is predicted to reach 26% by 2050, which would create a large economic and social burden from increased need for caretakers and medical assistance.[ 291]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China) (National Bureau of Statistics of China) National Bureau of Statistics estimated that the population fell 850,000 from 2021 to 2022, the first decline since 1961.[ 292]    In 2025, China recorded 7.92 million births, the lowest recorded birthrate since at least 1949.[ 289]    China's population is concentrated in the eastern half of the country; although 64% of China's territory is west of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heihe–Tengchong_Line) (Heihe–Tengchong Line) Heihe–Tengchong Line , as of 2020 only 6.5% of its population lives west of the line.[ 293]     Spurred by fears of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpopulation) (Overpopulation) overpopulation , China maintained a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policy) (One-child policy) one-child policy from 1979 to 2015, restricting most families to a single child. The policy was most strictly enforced in urban areas, while families from ethnic minorities and rural communities were often exempt from one-child limits. A two-child policy was introduced in 2015,[ 294]    and in July 2021, family size limits as well as penalties for exceeding them were removed.[ 295]    The policy resulted in a skewed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_ratio) (Sex ratio) sex ratio , as many families preferred to have sons, who were able to continue the patrilineal line and were perceived as better able to support the family. Through a combination of infanticide, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion) (Sex-selective abortion) sex-selective abortion , and unreported female births, there were 120 boys born for every 100 girls by the late 1990s.[ 294]    [ 296]     China maintains a restrictive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_China) (Immigration to China) immigration policy , with permanent residence granted to only around 12,000 foreigners as of 2023,[ 297]    while an additional 845,697 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_national) (Foreign national) foreign nationals lived in mainland China as of the 2020 census.[ 298]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_diaspora) (Chinese diaspora) Chinese diaspora is among the largest on earth, comprising about 40 million people, mostly descended from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_emigration) (Chinese emigration) emigrants during the 19th and early 20th centuries. About two-thirds of this diaspora reside in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians) (Chinese Indonesians) Indonesia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Chinese) (Thai Chinese) Thailand , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese) (Malaysian Chinese) Malaysia , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Americans) (Chinese Americans) United States .[ 299]     Cities and urbanization  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization_in_China) (Urbanization in China) Urbanization in China  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China) (List of cities in China) List of cities in China , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population) (List of cities in China by population) List of cities in China by population , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China) (Megalopolises in China) Megalopolises in China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guangzhou_Twin_Towers.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou) (Guangzhou) Guangzhou , a major transportation hub and one of China's three largest cities  China (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization_in_China) (Urbanization in China) has urbanized significantly in recent decades. The percent of the country's population living in urban areas increased from 20% in 1980 to over 68% in 2025, according to Chinese government figures,[ 300]    [ 301]    while the United Nations calculates an urbanization rate of 83.7%.[ 302]    Cities in China often include smaller towns and rural areas under their jurisdiction.[ 303]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai) (Shanghai) Shanghai is its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population) (List of cities in China by population) most populous urban area .[ 304]    Two (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_agglomerations) (Urban agglomerations) urban agglomerations , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta) (Pearl River Delta) Pearl River Delta and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_Delta) (Yangtze Delta) Yangtze Delta , contain many of the largest cities and tens of millions of people.[ 305]     The figures in the table below are from the 2020 census, and are only estimates of the urban populations within administrative city limits; a different ranking exists for total municipal populations. The large floating population of migrant workers make conducting censuses in urban areas difficult.[ 303]        (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Template:Most populous cities in the People's Republic of China) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Most_populous_cities_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Template talk:Most populous cities in the People's Republic of China) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Special:EditPage/Template:Most populous cities in the People's Republic of China) (Edit this template) e     Largest cities or municipalities in China  China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2020 Urban population and urban temporary population[ 306]    [ note 1]    [ note 2]        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population) (List of cities in China by population) Rank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China) (List of cities in China) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_China) (Provinces of China) Province  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population) (List of cities in China by population) Pop.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population) (List of cities in China by population) Rank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China) (List of cities in China) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_China) (Provinces of China) Province  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population) (List of cities in China by population) Pop.   1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai) (Shanghai) Shanghai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai) (Shanghai) SH  24,281,400 11 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) (Hong Kong) Hong Kong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) (Hong Kong) HK  7,448,900  2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing) (Beijing) Beijing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing) (Beijing) BJ  19,164,000 12 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou) (Zhengzhou) Zhengzhou  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan) (Henan) HA  7,179,400  3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou) (Guangzhou) Guangzhou  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong) (Guangdong) GD  13,858,700 13 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing) (Nanjing) Nanjing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu) (Jiangsu) JS  6,823,500  4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen) (Shenzhen) Shenzhen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong) (Guangdong) GD  13,438,800 14 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi'an) (Xi'an) Xi'an  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi) (Shaanxi) SN  6,642,100  5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin) (Tianjin) Tianjin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin) (Tianjin) TJ  11,744,400 15 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinan) (Jinan) Jinan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong) (Shandong) SD  6,409,600  6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing) (Chongqing) Chongqing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing) (Chongqing) CQ  11,488,000 16 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang) (Shenyang) Shenyang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning) (Liaoning) LN  5,900,000  7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongguan) (Dongguan) Dongguan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong) (Guangdong) GD  9,752,500 17 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao) (Qingdao) Qingdao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong) (Shandong) SD  5,501,400  8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu) (Chengdu) Chengdu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan) (Sichuan) SC  8,875,600 18 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin) (Harbin) Harbin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilongjiang) (Heilongjiang) HL  5,054,500  9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan) (Wuhan) Wuhan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei) (Hubei) HB  8,652,900 19 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefei) (Hefei) Hefei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui) (Anhui) AH  4,750,100  10 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou) (Hangzhou) Hangzhou  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang) (Zhejiang) ZJ  8,109,000 20 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changchun) (Changchun) Changchun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilin) (Jilin) JL  4,730,900     (./Category:Pages_using_largest_cities_with_class#info%20)   ↑   Population of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) (Hong Kong) Hong Kong as of 2018 estimate[ 307]      ↑   The data for Chongqing refers to its "Metropolitan Developed Economic Area", excluding outlying counties of the larger municipality.[ 308]          Languages and ethnic groups  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_China) (Languages of China) Languages of China and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China) (List of ethnic groups in China) List of ethnic groups in China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_ethnolinguistic_1967.jpg) (A demographic map of China shaded by region to indicate different language families and minority groups.)   An ethnolinguistic map of China (1967), illustrating the geographic distribution of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family) (Language family) language families and ethnic groups  The PRC legally recognizes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China) (List of ethnic groups in China) 56 distinct ethnic groups . The largest of these are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese) (Han Chinese) Han Chinese , who constitute more than 91% of the total population. The minority groups are generally found in the western and border regions of China.[ 309]    Social and wealth inequalities exist between many minority groups and the Han, especially in the rural (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_China) (Southwestern China) southwestern areas .[ 310]     Most Han are speakers of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese) (Mandarin Chinese) Mandarin Chinese , of which (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese) (Standard Chinese) Standard Chinese is a standardized form and the official language of the PRC.[ 311]    Around 300 million people speak other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinitic_languages) (Sinitic languages) Chinese languages (often described as dialects in Chinese sources). While also written with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters) (Chinese characters) Chinese characters , these are not highly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility) (Mutual intelligibility) mutually intelligible with Mandarin or each other. The primary branches of Chinese are Mandarin, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinese) (Wu Chinese) Wu , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_Chinese) (Yue Chinese) Yue (Cantonese), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Chinese) (Min Chinese) Min , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan_Chinese) (Gan Chinese) Gan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_Chinese) (Hakka Chinese) Hakka , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiang_Chinese) (Xiang Chinese) Xiang ; the latter six are mainly spoken in Southern China. Since the 1950s, local dialects have steadily assimilated into Mandarin or one of the main regional registers.[ 311]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) (Simplified Chinese characters) Simplified Chinese characters , first standardized in the 1950s, are used to write Chinese throughout mainland China, while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) (Traditional Chinese characters) traditional Chinese characters remain in use in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China) (Special administrative regions of China) SARs and Taiwan.[ 312]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin) (Pinyin) Hanyu Pinyin is the official (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese) (Romanization of Chinese) romanization system for Chinese in the PRC.[ 313]     Other language families are found throughout China.[ 314]    Distantly related to Chinese, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages) (Tibeto-Burman languages) Tibeto-Burman languages are found in the west and southwest.[ 315]    In southwestern China, many (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong–Mien_languages) (Hmong–Mien languages) Hmong–Mien and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kra–Dai_languages) (Kra–Dai languages) Kra–Dai languages are spoken by minority groups. Offshoots of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages) (Austroasiatic languages) Austroasiatic and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages) (Austronesian languages) Austronesian language families are also found in the south in smaller numbers. In the northwest, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages) (Turkic languages) Turkic (including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_language) (Uyghur language) Uyghur ) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolic_languages) (Mongolic languages) Mongolic languages are found, as well as two (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages) (Indo-European languages) Indo-European languages ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language) (Russian language) Russian and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_language) (Tajik language) Tajik ).[ 314]    Several endangered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusic_languages) (Tungusic languages) Tungusic languages are found in northwestern and northeastern China.[ 316]    Since the 2010s, the Chinese government has intensified (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_assimilation) (Linguistic assimilation) linguistic assimilation policies, generally requiring schools to use Standard Chinese as the primary language of instruction.[ 317]      Religion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_China) (Religion in China) Religion in China  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_China) (Irreligion in China) Irreligion in China and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China) (Antireligious campaigns in China) Antireligious campaigns in China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sakyamuni,_Lao_Tzu,_and_Confucius_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg) (A Chinese painting showing a scene of the Buddha, Laozi, and Confucius standing together and smiling by a bridge and a tree)   Ming dynasty painting depicting the sages of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_teachings) (Three teachings) three teachings : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buddha) (The Buddha) the Buddha , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laozi) (Laozi) Laozi , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius) (Confucius) Confucius   The Chinese religious tradition is heavily syncretic, incorporating various (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion) (Chinese folk religion) folk religious practices alongside (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism) (Confucianism) Confucianism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism) (Taoism) Taoism , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism) (Buddhism) Buddhism . These '(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_teachings) (Three teachings) three teachings ' were the three main institutionalized schools of Chinese religion. These exist alongside introduced minority religions such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity) (Christianity) Christianity and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam ,[ 318]    [ 319]    as well as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions) (Chinese salvationist religions) various new religious movements .[ 320]    Statistics on affiliation are difficult to gather due to complex and varying definitions of religion and the diffusive nature of local traditions.[ 321]    Many people follow religious teachings and practices without considering themselves adherents.[ 321]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudigong) (Tudigong) Local deities are commonly worshiped along widely-known gods, including figures such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Yu) (Guan Yu) Guan Yu and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazu) (Mazu) Mazu .[ 322]     Confucianism is a philosophical and spiritual tradition that originated in the Eastern Zhou, emphasizing the study of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_classics) (Chinese classics) classics and the relations of the individual, society, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian) (Tian) heaven .[ 323]    [ 324]    Following Western influences, it has sometimes been identified as a religion.[ 323]    Daoism emphasizes the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dao) (Dao) Dao   ('way') as the world's origin and fundamental force, and seeks to harness it through spiritual cultivation. Initially a philosophical movement during the Eastern Zhou, the religious tradition of Daoism emerged during the 2nd century CE.[ 325]    [ 326]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana) (Mahayana) Mahayana Buddhism was introduced to China during the Han dynasty and spread rapidly over the following centuries. Although it was often dismissed by the Confucian literati, Buddhism greatly influenced other Chinese religious and philosophical traditions.[ 327]     Although the PRC and CCP are legally (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_atheism) (State atheism) atheist , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China) (Freedom of religion in China) freedom of religion is formally guaranteed by the Chinese constitution.[ 321]    The PRC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_regarding_religious_activities_in_China) (Laws regarding religious activities in China) officially recognizes five religions: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_China) (Buddhism in China) Buddhism , Taoism, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_China_(1912–present)) (Islam in China (1912–present)) Islam , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China) (Catholic Church in China) Catholicism , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_China) (Protestantism in China) Protestantism . Formal religious practice is managed by "patriotic associations" for each of the recognized faiths overseen by the CCP's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department) (United Front Work Department) United Front Work Department .[ 328]    However, the majority of religious activities take place outside of these registered organizations.[ 329]    [ 330]    The PRC has attempted to crack down on some forms of unregistered religious practice, such as Protestant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_church_(China)) (House church (China)) house churches . Religious practices among minority groups, such as Islam among the Uyghur and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism) (Tibetan Buddhism) Tibetan Buddhism , have come under close state scrutiny and regulation over fears of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_in_China) (Secession in China) separatism .[ 330]      Education  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_China) (Education in China) Education in China and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_China) (Higher education in China) Higher education in China  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_China) (Literacy in China) Literacy in China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:100_Hours_of_Astronomy,_瑞安市高楼镇中学天文课1.png) (A photo of a group of students in a Chinese junior high school classroom, seated at desks)   Students at a junior high school classroom in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang) (Zhejiang) Zhejiang , 2019  Following an optional two to three years of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preschool_in_China?action=edit&redlink=1) (Preschool in China (page does not exist)) preschool , China has nine years of free (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_education) (Compulsory education) compulsory education , generally with six years of elementary school and three years of junior high school.[ 331]    If they pass entrance examinations, students may then attend a senior high school, choosing between an academic or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_school) (Vocational school) vocational track.[ 332]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaokao) (Gaokao) gaokao   exams allow access to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_education) (Undergraduate education) undergraduate higher education, with additional examinations required to attend postgraduate programs and achieve a master's or doctoral degree.[ 332]    As of 2022, 95% of junior high students continue to high school, while higher education has a 59.6% enrollment rate.[ 333]     As of 2022, China had 158 million students enrolled in compulsory school, and 46.5 million enrolled in higher education. There are over 200,000 elementary and junior high schools, over 22,000 secondary schools, and over 3,000 colleges and universities.[ 334]    Both private and public schools exist at all levels, with 10.6% of elementary and junior high students attending private schools.[ 335]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing_in_China) (Academic publishing in China) Its academic publication apparatus became the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_scientific_and_technical_journal_articles) (List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles) largest publisher of scientific papers in 2016.[ 336]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_education) (Language education) Foreign language education programs are mandatory from 3rd grade onward. Although generally focused on English, other languages are increasingly being taught, especially at the senior high level.[ 337]      Health  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_China) (Health in China) Health in China  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_China) (Medicine in China) Medicine in China and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_China) (Pharmaceutical industry in China) Pharmaceutical industry in China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NanningTianchiShanPharmacy.jpg) (A large pharmacy in China, with western prepackaged medicines at the left, and various herbal medicines in cabinets at the right)   A pharmacy in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi) (Guangxi) Guangxi , selling both Western and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine) (Traditional Chinese medicine) traditional Chinese medicine   The vast majority of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_health_care) (Primary health care) primary health care institutions in China offer both (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopathic_medicine) (Allopathic medicine) allopathic and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine) (Traditional Chinese medicine) traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In 2017, there were approximately 9,000 community health centers in urban areas—which oversaw roughly 25,000 health stations—and 37,000 township health centers in rural areas. There were about 639,000 village clinics, which operate as independent, for-profit enterprises subsidized by the state.[ 338]    [ 339]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Commission) (National Health Commission) National Health Commission , together with its counterparts in the local commissions, oversees the health needs of the population.[ 340]    After the beginning of the reform and opening up in 1978, the health of the Chinese public improved rapidly because of better nutrition, although many of the free public health services provided in the countryside disappeared. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_China) (Healthcare in China) Healthcare in China became mostly privatized, and experienced a significant rise in quality.[ 341]    China is a major producer and exporter of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_ingredient) (Active ingredient) active pharmaceutical ingredients .[ 342]     According to 2025 state data, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy) (Life expectancy) life expectancy at birth exceeds 79 years,[ 343]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality) (Infant mortality) infant mortality rate is 4 per 1,000.[ 344]    Rates of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunted_growth) (Stunted growth) stunted growth declined from 33.1% in 1990 to 4.5% in 2024.[ 345]    Mental health services are underfunded and unevenly distributed, with most services in provincial capitals and the more developed eastern provinces.[ 346]    Following the 2003 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome) (Severe acute respiratory syndrome) SARS outbreak, the World Health Organization found the biosafety standards at Beijing's National Institute of Virology to be inadequate.[ 347]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) (COVID-19 pandemic) COVID-19 pandemic was first identified in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan) (Wuhan) Wuhan .[ 348]    China maintained a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID) (Zero-COVID) zero-COVID policy , using (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns) (COVID-19 lockdowns) lockdowns , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine) (Quarantine) quarantines , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tracing) (Contact tracing) contact tracing to curb its transmission, until widespread (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China) (2022 COVID-19 protests in China) protests in November–December 2022.[ 349]       Culture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture) (Chinese culture) Chinese culture and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Culture of the People's Republic of China) Culture of the People's Republic of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_lanterns,_Spring_Festival,_Ditan_Park_Beijing.JPG) (A group of people walking through an avenue over which is hung many dozens of red paper lanterns and other festive ornaments)   Red (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_lantern) (Paper lantern) paper lanterns hung up for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year) (Chinese New Year) Chinese New Year festivities in Beijing  Beginning in the Qin and Han dynasties and continuing over the following millennia, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinosphere) (Sinosphere) an area of Chinese cultural influence grew to encompass much of East Asia. Japan, Korea, and Vietnam adopted various political, philosophical, religious, and aesthetic concepts from China, boosted by their adoption of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters) (Chinese characters) Chinese characters and participation within the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China) (Tributary system of China) tributary system .[ 350]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China) (List of World Heritage Sites in China) China has 60 World Heritage Sites , including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China) (Great Wall of China) Great Wall and Grand Canal, the second-most of any country (behind (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy) (Italy) Italy ).[ 351]     Chinese culture has historically emphasized family connections, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filial_piety) (Filial piety) filial piety and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead) (Veneration of the dead) veneration of ancestors seen as vital duties under Confucian ethics. Prior to the 20th century, family relations were highly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy) (Patriarchy) patriarchal , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arranged_marriage) (Arranged marriage) arranged marriages were commonplace.[ 352]    The CCP pushed for women's equality after coming to power, establishing the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-China_Women's_Federation) (All-China Women's Federation) All-China Women's Federation to manage women's issues. However, many patriarchal gender norms remain prevalent, and women face lower employment rates and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_gender_segregation) (Occupational gender segregation) occupational gender segregation .[ 353]     Prior to the adoption of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar) (Gregorian calendar) Gregorian calendar in 1912, China traditionally used a 12-month (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar) (Lunisolar calendar) lunisolar calendar .[ 354]    The 60-part (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle) (Sexagenary cycle) sexagenary cycle was often used to enumerate days as well as years,[ 355]    alongside the twelve-year (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_zodiac) (Chinese zodiac) Chinese zodiac .[ 356]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China) (Public holidays in China) Major holidays and festivals in China include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year) (Chinese New Year) Chinese New Year (or Spring Festival), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingming_Festival) (Qingming Festival) Qingming Festival , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival) (Mid-Autumn Festival) Mid-Autumn Festival , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Day_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (National Day of the People's Republic of China) National Day .[ 357]     Art  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_art) (Chinese art) Chinese art  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folding_fan_with_daylilies,_rocks,_and_a_poem,_painted_by_the_Qianlong_emperor_for_Empress_Dowager_Chongqing,_China,_1762_AD,_ink_and_color_on_paper,_bamboo_-_Peabody_Essex_Museum_-_DSC07993.jpg) (A hand fan with a flower motif and a poem painted on its surface)   An 18th-century (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_fan) (Hand fan) hand fan with a poem and nature painting  Elite culture of the imperial period saw skill in art as a marker of refinement and high social status.[ 358]    Renowned art pieces often bear inscriptions and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seals_in_the_Sinosphere) (Seals in the Sinosphere) seals from their previous owners, allowing for the tracing of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provenance) (Provenance) provenance over long periods of time.[ 359]    Traditional Chinese art makes use of a wide array of common motifs, metaphors, and symbols, often using nature as allegory.[ 360]     Chinese paintings are traditionally made with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink_brush) (Ink brush) ink brushes on paper or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk) (Silk) silk .[ 358]    Horizontal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handscroll) (Handscroll) handscrolls and vertical (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_scroll) (Hanging scroll) hanging scrolls are common formats, alongside (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural) (Mural) wall paintings , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding_screen) (Folding screen) folding screens and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_fan) (Hand fan) hand fans .[ 361]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy) (Chinese calligraphy) Calligraphy , emerging during the 3rd and 4th centuries CE, was traditionally regarded in China as the most prestigious form of art, and remains among the most widely practiced.[ 362]    [ 363]    Western genres and techniques of painting gained popularity in China during the early 20th century,[ 364]    while the People's Republic promoted art as a means to embody socialist ideals during the Mao era.[ 365]    The 21st century has seen a boom in the production and international influence of Chinese (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art) (Contemporary art) contemporary art .[ 366]     Pottery and metal crafts in China date to ancient times.[ 367]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain) (Porcelain) Porcelain , also known as china, became a common form of ceramic during the 7th century.[ 368]    By the 14th century, it became popular to decorate porcelain vessels with elaborate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_and_white_pottery) (Blue and white pottery) blue and white patterns , which became the most popular and widely recognized form of Chinese ceramics.[ 369]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade) (Jade) Jade crafts and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacquerware) (Lacquerware) lacquerware have been popular decorative mediums since ancient times.[ 370]     Architecture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecture) (Chinese architecture) Chinese architecture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beijing_北京_(50540559551).jpg) (An aerial view of the Forbidden City centered on the Gate of Divine Prowess)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_City) (Forbidden City) Forbidden City in Beijing, with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_of_Divine_Prowess) (Gate of Divine Prowess) Gate of Divine Prowess at center  Wood is the most commonly used material in traditional (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecture) (Chinese architecture) Chinese architecture . Roofs of important buildings, generally ceramic tile, are often ornate and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_roof) (Hip roof) hipped .[ 371]    Traditional buildings are often arranged around (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_direction) (Cardinal direction) cardinal directions , with grandeur expressed through large complexes, often featuring (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtyard) (Courtyard) courtyards and large gates.[ 372]    The spiritual concept of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng_shui) (Feng shui) feng shui influences the layout of houses and settlements, seeking to orient them around the flow of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi) (Qi) qi   , vital energy.[ 373]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda) (Pagoda) Pagodas , multi-story religious towers far taller than other forms of traditional architecture, were introduced to China alongside Buddhism, and comprise many of China's oldest buildings.[ 374]    Western-style architecture was introduced by Europeans during the 19th century,[ 375]    while domestic architects began to implement Western design principles in the 20th.[ 376]    The reform era has seen a boom in the construction of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_architecture) (Contemporary architecture) contemporary skyscrapers and office buildings, largely supplanting traditional architecture.[ 377]      Performing arts  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_China) (Music of China) Music of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016-05-15_Peking-Oper_Lebewohl_meine_Konkubine_anagoria.JPG) (Two Peking Opera actors performing on stage in ornate costumes)   Two actors in a performance of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hegemon-King_Bids_His_Lady_Farewell) (The Hegemon-King Bids His Lady Farewell) Farewell My Concubine  , a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_opera) (Peking opera) Peking opera   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_China) (Music of China) music of China is highly diverse and regional.[ 378]    Traditional Chinese music uses a wide variety of instruments, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizi_(instrument)) (Dizi (instrument)) dizi   (a flute), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhu) (Erhu) erhu   (a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowed_string_instrument) (Bowed string instrument) bowed string instrument ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guqin) (Guqin) guqin   (a plucked string instrument), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guzheng) (Guzheng) guzheng   (a plucked (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zither) (Zither) zither ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipa) (Pipa) pipa   (a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute) (Lute) lute ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng_(instrument)) (Sheng (instrument)) sheng   (a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_organ) (Mouth organ) mouth organ ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suona) (Suona) suona   (a wind instrument), and various types of bells and drums.[ 379]    [ 380]    Western-style music and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_school) (Music school) conservatories spread during the early 20th centuries, leading to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_orchestra) (Chinese orchestra) Chinese orchestra to develop as a fusion of Western orchestral music with Chinese instruments. Western (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music) (Classical music) classical music remains highly prestigious.[ 381]    Inspired by Western (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz) (Jazz) jazz and boosted by the introduction of recording studios, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_pop_music) (Chinese pop music) Mandarin pop music emerged in Shanghai in the 1920s, while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_rock) (Folk rock) folk rock -inspired (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantopop) (Cantopop) Cantopop became popular around Hong Kong during the 1970s.[ 382]    After reform and opening up, various forms of pop and rock music reached widespread popularity across mainland China.[ 383]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_opera) (Chinese opera) Chinese opera emerged from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuochang) (Shuochang) shuochang   , folk traditions of narrative singing. By the Yuan dynasty, separate forms of opera existed in the north and south.[ 384]    Influenced by various regional traditions and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunqu) (Kunqu) kunqu   , a genre popular during the Ming dynasty, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_opera) (Peking opera) Peking opera reached national popularity during the Qing dynasty,[ 385]    while various local and regional forms of opera emerged across the country.[ 384]    During the Mao era, the PRC promoted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_opera) (Revolutionary opera) revolutionary opera and communist-oriented folk music.[ 386]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_China) (Dance in China) Chinese dance has evolved for millennia, and by the Han period was a frequent subject of art and poetry, as well as an element of religious rites.[ 387]    Dancers often performed for the imperial courts,[ 388]    while the popularity of dance in Chinese opera led to increasing numbers of dance troupes across all levels of society during the Qing.[ 389]    Western dances gained popularity in the early 20th century, while the CCP promoted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_dance) (Folk dance) folk dances such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangge) (Yangge) yangge   .[ 390]       Cuisine  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine) (Chinese cuisine) Chinese cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_Islamic_food_stall_in_Xi'an.jpg) (A man in a restaurant kitchen stands at a food stand with three hot wok slots, two of which are occupied by woks)   A man at a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine) (Chinese Islamic cuisine) Chinese Muslim restaurant in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi'an) (Xi'an) Xi'an preparing food in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wok) (Wok) woks   Chinese meals generally incorporate a grain (fan  ) alongside meat or vegetable-based dishes (cai  ). Flour—as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantou) (Mantou) steamed buns , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumpling) (Dumpling) dumplings , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_(bread)) (Bing (bread)) pancakes , or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_noodles) (Chinese noodles) noodles —is the primary grain in the north, alongside (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize) (Maize) maize , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet) (Millet) millet , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice) (Rice) rice , and in some regions, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum) (Sorghum) sorghum . Rice—steamed or in the form of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congee) (Congee) congee , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_noodles) (Rice noodles) rice noodles or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_cake) (Rice cake) rice cakes —dominates in the south. Although Chinese cuisine is highly diverse and regional, pork, chicken, fish, and duck tend to be the most common meats.[ 391]    [ 392]    [ 393]    Soybeans are a common staple across China, made into products such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofu) (Tofu) tofu and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce) (Soy sauce) soy sauce .[ 394]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stir_frying) (Stir frying) Stir frying in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wok) (Wok) woks is the most common cooking method, alongside deep-frying, steaming,[ 395]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pot) (Hot pot) hot pot , where dishes are cooked in simmering broth at the table.[ 396]     People in China generally eat three meals a day,[ 397]    [ 398]    often with a simple breakfast and a more elaborate dinner.[ 399]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopsticks) (Chopsticks) Chopsticks are the main (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_utensil) (Eating utensil) eating utensil .[ 400]    Dishes are usually served to be shared among multiple people, rather than served in individual portions.[ 398]    Hot tea almost always accompanies meals across the country, in lieu of water. Alcoholic drinks such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_wine) (Rice wine) rice wines and the distilled liquor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baijiu) (Baijiu) baijiu are commonly served with meals.[ 401]    Chinese cuisine was traditionally divided into four great traditions: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_cuisine) (Shandong cuisine) Lu (Shandong), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaiyang_cuisine) (Huaiyang cuisine) Yang (Jiangsu), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine) (Sichuan cuisine) Chuan (Sichuan), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine) (Cantonese cuisine) Yue (Guangdong). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_cuisine) (Fujian cuisine) Fujian cuisine is sometimes listed in lieu of Yang.[ 402]    [ 403]    Chinese Buddhists have developed a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine) (Buddhist cuisine) unique cuisine that (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_in_China) (Vegetarianism in China) avoids meat , while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine) (Chinese Islamic cuisine) Chinese Islamic cuisine excludes pork and alcohol.[ 404]    [ 405]      Fashion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_clothing) (Chinese clothing) Chinese clothing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gu_Hongzhong's_Night_Revels,_Detail_1.jpg) (A Chinese painting of a group of men and women reveling at a banquet)   Traditional clothing in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty) (Song dynasty) Song dynasty painting   Various forms of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robe) (Robe) robe served as the main form of clothing for both men and women throughout Chinese history, changing and adapting over the centuries. New dynasties often sought to reform formal clothing.[ 406]    Silk, hemp, and later cotton were the main textiles.[ 407]    Both men and women generally bound their hair with caps or pins, except during periods where foreign hairstyles were enforced by the ruling elite.[ 406]     Chinese fashions changed greatly during the 20th century, as traditional designs largely gave way to western clothing.[ 408]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qipao) (Qipao) Qipao   became a popular form of women's dress during the early 20th century, but are today rare outside of formal occasions.[ 409]    After a focus on simple, practical clothing during the Mao era,[ 410]    [ 411]    the reform era saw the emergence of a Western-style fashion industry.[ 412]    In the 21st century, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanfu_Movement) (Hanfu Movement) Hanfu movement has sought to promote a reconstructed form of traditional Chinese clothing.[ 413]      Literature  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_literature) (Chinese literature) Chinese literature and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_poetry) (Chinese poetry) Chinese poetry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kǒngzǐ_Shīlùn_Manuscript_from_Shanghai_Museum_1.jpg) (A group of bamboo slips with old Chinese characters written on them)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips) (Bamboo and wooden slips) Bamboo slips from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period) (Warring States period) Warring States period , containing part of a commentary on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry) (Classic of Poetry) Classic of Poetry    China has among the longest continuous literary traditions in the world.[ 414]    The Late Shang-era (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bone_script) (Oracle bone script) oracle bone inscriptions are the oldest known Chinese writing,[ 30]    while the oldest surviving literary works—such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Documents) (Book of Documents) Book of Documents — date to the early Zhou.[ 415]    The Chinese literary canon was historically centered of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Classics) (Five Classics) Five Classics (a diverse set of ancient transmitted texts) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics) (Four Books and Five Classics) Four Books (central Confucian texts).[ 416]    The traditional literati regarded literature as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didacticism) (Didacticism) didactic in purpose, with fiction seen as useless and potentially corruptive.[ 417]    [ 418]    However, poetry was viewed highly for its ability to convey the nature of reality. The poetry of the Tang era was particularly prized by later dynasties.[ 419]    [ 420]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Chinese) (Classical Chinese) Classical Chinese was the standard literary register until the early 20th century, when it was overtaken by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese) (Written vernacular Chinese) written vernacular Chinese .[ 421]    Before this, fiction was generally written in vernacular Chinese, and literary works were generally written in Classical Chinese.[ 422]    Popular vernacular literature spread with the introduction of printing, resulting in works such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels) (Classic Chinese Novels) Four Classic Novels of the Ming and Qing periods.[ 423]     Modern Chinese literature has been heavily influenced by the political upheavals of the 19th and 20th centuries, seeking to explain the contemporary political climate or imagine its future.[ 424]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Culture_Movement) (New Culture Movement) New Culture writers promoted the importance of fiction and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese) (Written vernacular Chinese) vernacular Chinese experimented with new modernist forms,[ 425]    while writers of the Reform era sought to explain the trauma of the Mao era and Cultural Revolution.[ 426]      Media  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_China) (Mass media in China) Mass media in China  China's largest media company is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Central_Television) (China Central Television) China Central Television , which competes with various provincial television networks. China is the largest online video market, with its major streaming platforms including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQIYI) (IQIYI) iQIYI , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youku) (Youku) Youku , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohu) (Sohu) Sohu .[ 427]    As of 2025, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_China) (Cinema of China) Chinese film industry is the second largest by global box office earnings (behind the United States), although 98% of these earnings are from domestic consumers. The PRC limits the number of foreign films which can be shown domestically. According to state sources, it has over 90,000 cinema screens as of 2025, the most of any country.[ 428]     As of 2023, China has over 2,600 radio stations, all state-owned, and over 1,900 newspapers. Cities generally have a newspaper published by the local government, and another by the local CCP branch. Journalism is tightly controlled and monitored by the CCP, with content critical of the government prohibited. Foreign Chinese-language news outlets are blocked, while English-language outlets are occasionally available but often censored. Prominent newspapers in China include the CCP's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily  and the state-run (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Times) (Global Times) Global Times  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Daily) (China Daily) China Daily  , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_News) (Reference News) Reference News  .[ 427]    The most popular social media platform in China is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat) (WeChat) WeChat . Other major platforms include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microblogging) (Microblogging) microblogging service (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo) (Weibo) Weibo , the news and content aggregator (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toutiao) (Toutiao) Toutiao , the video-sharing platform (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xigua_Video) (Xigua Video) Xigua Video , and the short-form video platform (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douyin) (Douyin) Douyin , available internationally as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok) (TikTok) TikTok .[ 429]      Sport and games  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_China) (Sport in China) Sport in China  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games_in_China) (Video games in China) Video games in China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahjong_game.jpg) (A group of people playing a game of mahjong)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjong) (Mahjong) Mahjong originated as a gambling game during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty) (Qing dynasty) Qing dynasty .  Traditional sports such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts) (Martial arts) martial arts and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_boat) (Dragon boat) dragon boat racing have been practiced in China for over a millennium.[ 430]    The ball game (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuju) (Cuju) cuju   predates the Qin dynasty and remained popular for millennia, declining during the late (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty) (Qing dynasty) Qing dynasty . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuiwan) (Chuiwan) Chuiwan (similar to modern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf) (Golf) golf ) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo) (Polo) polo were popular sports among elites throughout portions of the imperial period, while commoners played various regional ball games.[ 431]    [ 432]    Modern sporting was introduced to China from the West during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics) (Republic of China at the 1932 Summer Olympics) China first attended the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games) (Olympic Games) Olympic Games in 1932.[ 433]    Although (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) (Association football) association football draws large audiences, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_national_football_team) (China national football team) men's national team has only qualified once for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup) (FIFA World Cup) FIFA World Cup ;[ 434]    the country hosted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Women's_World_Cup) (FIFA Women's World Cup) FIFA Women's World Cup twice and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_women's_national_football_team) (China women's national football team) women's team finished as runners-up once.[ 435]     The PRC began to invest heavily in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_sport) (High-performance sport) elite sports during the 1990s, and in 2008 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics) (2008 Summer Olympics) Beijing hosted the Summer Olympics .[ 436]    Elite sports in China are managed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Administration_of_Sport_of_China) (General Administration of Sport of China) General Administration of Sport , which oversees management centers for various sports, as well as provincial sports committees and teams. The vast majority of sports funding, especially for elite sports, comes from the government.[ 437]    China hosted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics) (2022 Winter Olympics) Winter Olympics in 2022 ,[ 438]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Games) (Asian Games) Asian Games in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Asian_Games) (1990 Asian Games) 1990 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Asian_Games) (2010 Asian Games) 2010 , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Asian_Games) (2022 Asian Games) 2022 .[ q]    [ 440]    China is dominant among international competition in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis_in_China) (Table tennis in China) table tennis (often dubbed China's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_sport) (National sport) national sport ),[ 441]    [ 442]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton) (Badminton) badminton , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_(sport)) (Diving (sport)) diving , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting) (Weightlifting) weightlifting ,[ 442]    [ 443]    and is among the top global competitors in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snooker) (Snooker) snooker .[ 444]     Various card, dice, and board games gained popularity in imperial China, most notably (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(game)) (Go (game)) weiqi   (also known as Go) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangqi) (Xiangqi) xiangqi   (a relative of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess) (Chess) chess ).[ 445]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjong) (Mahjong) Mahjong emerged during the 1800s, initially one of many popular (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling) (Gambling) gambling games .[ 446]    China is the world's largest video game market. Video games were introduced from Japan in the 1980s, and online video games grew to immense popularity alongside the spread of the internet.[ 447]       See also  (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China) (Portal:China) China portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries) (Portal:Countries) Countries portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia) (Portal:Asia) Asia portal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_China) (Outline of China) Outline of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Chinese_history) (Bibliography of Chinese history) Bibliography of Chinese history       Notes  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   ↑   Xi is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader) (Paramount leader) paramount leader of China, and holds the titles of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China) (President of China) President of China , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)) Chairman of the Central Military Commission .[ 3]      ↑   UN figure for mainland China, which excludes Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.[ 4]    It also excludes the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract) (Trans-Karakoram Tract) Trans-Karakoram Tract (5,180 km2 or 2,000 sq mi), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksai_Chin) (Aksai Chin) Aksai Chin (38,000 km2 or 15,000 sq mi) and other territories in dispute with India. The total area of China is listed as 9,572,900 km2 (3,696,100 sq mi) by the Encyclopædia Britannica .[ 5]      ↑   Excluding residents of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) (Hong Kong) Hong Kong , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macao) (Macao) Macao , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Taiwan and foreigners living in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province-level_divisions_of_China) (Province-level divisions of China) 31 provinces , autonomous regions and municipalities  ↑   GDP figures exclude Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau.  ↑   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar) (Hong Kong dollar) Hong Kong dollar is used in Hong Kong and Macau, while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macanese_pataca) (Macanese pataca) Macanese pataca is used in Macau only.  ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) (Simplified Chinese characters) Chinese : (./Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text)  中国 ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin) (Pinyin) pinyin : Zhōngguó    ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) (Simplified Chinese characters) Chinese : (./Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text)  中华人民共和国 ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin) (Pinyin) pinyin : Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó    ↑   The total area ranking relative to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States depends on the measurement of total areas. See (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) list of countries and dependencies by area for information. The following two primary sources represent the range of estimates of China's and the United States' total areas. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica) (Encyclopædia Britannica) Encyclopædia Britannica  lists China as the third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) with a total area of 9,572,900 km2 .[ 5]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) CIA World Factbook  lists China as the fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada and the United States) with a total area of 9,596,960 km2 .[ 7]      Both sources exclude both Taiwan and coastal and territorial waters from the area of China. However, the CIA World Factbook includes the United States coastal and territorial waters, while Encyclopædia Britannica excludes them. Britannica specifies the United States' area (excluding coastal and territorial waters) as 9,525,067 km2 , which is less than either source's figure given for China's area.[ 12]      ↑   An early use is on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_bronze) (Ritual bronze) ritual bronze vessel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_zun) (He zun) He zun , where it apparently refers to only the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty) (Shang dynasty) Shang 's immediate demesne conquered by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty) (Zhou dynasty) Zhou .[ 17]      ↑   Although 206 BCE is the generally accepted date for the founding of the dynasty, the founding emperor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bang) (Liu Bang) Liu Bang did not declare himself emperor until 202 BCE. Han rule was interrupted by the usurper emperor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Mang) (Wang Mang) Wang Mang , who ruled from 9 CE to 23 CE.[ 40]      ↑   The total area ranking relative to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States depends on the measurement of total areas. See (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) list of countries and dependencies by area for information. The following two primary sources represent the range of estimates of China's and the United States' total areas. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica) (Encyclopædia Britannica) Encyclopædia Britannica  lists China as the third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) with a total area of 9,572,900 km2 .[ 5]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) CIA World Factbook  lists China as the fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada and the United States) with a total area of 9,596,960 km2 .[ 7]      Both sources exclude both Taiwan and coastal and territorial waters from the area of China. However, the CIA World Factbook includes the United States coastal and territorial waters, while Encyclopædia Britannica excludes them. Britannica specifies the United States' area (excluding coastal and territorial waters) as 9,525,067 km2 , which is less than either source's figure given for China's area.[ 12]      ↑   "People's Democratic Dictatorship" ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language) (Chinese language) Chinese : (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  人民民主专政 ) is essentially synonymous with the more common Marxist term, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat) (Dictatorship of the proletariat) dictatorship of the proletariat .[ 148]      ↑   Surveys which have shown high government approval ratings include 2003, 2009, and 2015–2016 surveys by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School) (Harvard Kennedy School) Harvard Kennedy School , and the 2017–2020 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Values_Survey) (World Values Survey) World Values Survey .[ 161]      ↑   In the October 2022 congress, 2,296 members were elected and 83 were invited.[ 165]      ↑   The People's Republic of China claims the islands of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan) (Geography of Taiwan) Taiwan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu) (Penghu) Penghu , which it does not control, as its disputed 23rd province, i.e. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People's_Republic_of_China) (Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China) Taiwan Province ; along with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen) (Kinmen) Kinmen and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsu_Islands) (Matsu Islands) Matsu Islands as part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian) (Fujian) Fujian Province . These are controlled by the Taipei-based (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Republic of China (ROC). See § Administrative divisions for more details.  ↑   Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights  ↑   The 2022 Asian Games were held in 2023.[ 439]         References  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   ↑   (http://en.moe.gov.cn/Resources/Laws_and_Policies/201506/t20150626_191388.html) "Law on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language of the People's Republic of China" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(China)) (Ministry of Education (China)) Ministry of Education  . 21 July 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2026 . 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Heads of State and Government (2nd ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan) (Palgrave Macmillan) Palgrave Macmillan . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-65771-1) 10.1007/978-1-349-65771-1 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-78615-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-333-78615-4) 978-0-333-78615-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heads+of+State+and+Government&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-65771-1&rft.isbn=978-0-333-78615-4&rft.aulast=da+Gra%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hamdani, Manal; Belfencha, Ismail (2024). "Strategic Implications of the US–China Semiconductor Rivalry". 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Health+Journal&rft.atitle=Aging+in+China%3A+Perspectives+on+Public+Health&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=11-17&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.glohj.2020.01.002&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Yuting&rft.au=He%2C+Yao&rft.au=Lyu%2C+Jun&rft.au=Yu%2C+Canqing&rft.au=Bian%2C+Mingze&rft.au=Li%2C+Liming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Harvey, Brian (2019). China in Space: The Great Leap Forward (2nd ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature) (Springer Nature) Springer Nature . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-19588-5) 10.1007/978-3-030-19588-5 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-19587-8) (Special:BookSources/978-3-030-19587-8) 978-3-030-19587-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+Space%3A+The+Great+Leap+Forward&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-19588-5&rft.isbn=978-3-030-19587-8&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  He, Zhiguo; Wei, Wei (2023). (https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/economics/15/1/annurev-economics-072622-095926.pdf?expires=1786602702&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=35693CCA9D6D2CE6A5AA81BC84F0584D) China's Financial System and Economy: A Review (PDF) (Report). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)) (Annual Reviews (publisher)) Annual Reviews . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahjong%3A+A+Chinese+Game+and+the+Making+of+Modern+American+Culture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780190081812&rft.aulast=Heinz&rft.aufirst=Annelise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Holcombe, Charles (2017). A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century (2nd ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107118737) (Special:BookSources/9781107118737) 9781107118737  . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=General+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Development+and+Challenges+of+Mental+Health+in+China&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.artnum=e100053&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6551437%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31179426&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fgpsych-2019-100053&rft.aulast=Que&rft.aufirst=Jianyu&rft.au=Lu%2C+Lin&rft.au=Shi%2C+Le&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6551437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  de Rambures, Dominique (2015). The China Development Model . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan) (Palgrave Macmillan) Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 9– 22. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137465498_2) 10.1057/9781137465498_2 . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-33-4623-9) (Special:BookSources/978-981-33-4623-9) 978-981-33-4623-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Rigidity%3A+China%27s+Non-Intervention+Policy+in+the+Post-Cold+War+Period&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-33-4623-9&rft.isbn=978-981-33-4623-9&rft.aulast=Ren&rft.aufirst=Mu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Roberts, Margaret E. (2018). Censored: Distraction and Diversion Inside China's Great Firewall . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press) (Princeton University Press) Princeton University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17886-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17886-8) 978-0-691-17886-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Censored%3A+Distraction+and+Diversion+Inside+China%27s+Great+Firewall&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17886-8&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Margaret+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ropp, Paul S. (2010). China in World History . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979876-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979876-6) 978-0-19-979876-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+World+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979876-6&rft.aulast=Ropp&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rowe, William T. (2009). China's Last Empire: The Great Qing . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press) (Harvard University Press) Harvard University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03612-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03612-3) 978-0-674-03612-3  . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muslim+Food+Consumption+in+China%3A+Between+Qingzhen+and+Halal&rft.btitle=Halal+Matters%3A+Islam%2C+Politics%2C+and+Markets+in+Global+Perspectives&rft.pages=161-174&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-81275-8&rft.aulast=Sai&rft.aufirst=Yukari&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Scoggins, Suzanne E. (2018). "Policing Modern China". China Law and Society Review . 3 (2): 79– 117. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1163%2F25427466-00302001) 10.1163/25427466-00302001 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Law+and+Society+Review&rft.atitle=Policing+Modern+China&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79-117&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F25427466-00302001&rft.aulast=Scoggins&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shelach-Lavi, Gideon (2015). The Archaeology of Early China: From Prehistory to the Han Dynasty . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139022682) 10.1017/CBO9781139022682 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19689-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19689-5) 978-0-521-19689-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Early+China%3A+From+Prehistory+to+the+Han+Dynasty&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139022682&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19689-5&rft.aulast=Shelach-Lavi&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shirk, Susan L. (2023). Overreach: How China Derailed Its Peaceful Rise . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190068516.001.0001) 10.1093/oso/9780190068516.001.0001 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006851-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006851-6) 978-0-19-006851-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overreach%3A+How+China+Derailed+Its+Peaceful+Rise&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190068516.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-006851-6&rft.aulast=Shirk&rft.aufirst=Susan+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf) SIPRI Fact Sheet: Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2026 (PDF) (Report). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute) (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . 2026. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=SIPRI+Fact+Sheet%3A+Trends+in+World+Military+Expenditure%2C+2026&rft.pub=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft.date=2026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2026-04%2F2604_milex_2025.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Smith, Richard J. (2020). "Introduction". Reexamining the Sinosphere: Transmissions and Transformations in East Asia . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria_Press) (Cambria Press) Cambria Press . pp. xxi– xlix. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604979879) (Special:BookSources/9781604979879) 9781604979879  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Reexamining+the+Sinosphere%3A+Transmissions+and+Transformations+in+East+Asia&rft.pages=xxi-xlix&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781604979879&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Southgate, Laura (2019). ASEAN Resistance to Soveriegnity Violation: Interests, Balancing and the Role of the Vanguard State . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_University_Press) (Bristol University Press) Bristol University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvg5bt4s) 10.2307/j.ctvg5bt4s . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5292-0221-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-5292-0221-2) 978-1-5292-0221-2  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvg5bt4s) j.ctvg5bt4s . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ASEAN+Resistance+to+Soveriegnity+Violation%3A+Interests%2C+Balancing+and+the+Role+of+the+Vanguard+State&rft.pub=Bristol+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvg5bt4s%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvg5bt4s&rft.isbn=978-1-5292-0221-2&rft.aulast=Southgate&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Spence, Jonathan D. (2013). (https://archive.org/details/search-for-modern-china-third-edition) The Search for Modern China  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_&_Company) (W. W. Norton & Company) W. W. Norton & Company . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucianism+in+China%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-4244-8&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tai, Zixue; Lu, Jue (2021). "Playing with Chinese Characteristics: The Landscape of Video Games in China". In Jin, Dal Yong (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Digital Media and Globalization . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge) (Routledge) Routledge . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-41579-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-367-41579-2) 978-0-367-41579-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Playing+with+Chinese+Characteristics%3A+The+Landscape+of+Video+Games+in+China&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Digital+Media+and+Globalization&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-367-41579-2&rft.aulast=Tai&rft.aufirst=Zixue&rft.au=Lu%2C+Jue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tam, Wai Lun (2011). "Communal Worship and Festivals in Chinese Villages". In Palmer, David A.; Shive, Glen; Wickeri, Philip L. (eds.). Chinese Religious Life . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . pp. 30– 49. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973139-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973139-8) 978-0-19-973139-8  . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-8155-2) (Special:BookSources/978-981-10-8155-2) 978-981-10-8155-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Chinese+Culture%3A+Cultural+History%2C+Arts%2C+Festivals+and+Rituals&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-10-8156-9&rft.isbn=978-981-10-8155-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yang, Ruoxiao; Wang, William Shi Yuan (2018). "Categorical Perception of Chinese Characters by Simplified and Traditional Chinese Readers". Reading and Writing . 3 (5): 1133– 1154. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11145-018-9832-y) 10.1007/s11145-018-9832-y . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reading+and+Writing&rft.atitle=Categorical+Perception+of+Chinese+Characters+by+Simplified+and+Traditional+Chinese+Readers&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1133-1154&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11145-018-9832-y&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Ruoxiao&rft.au=Wang%2C+William+Shi+Yuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yao, Xinzhong; Zhao, Yanxia (2010). Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group) (Continuum International Publishing Group) Continuum International Publishing . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8470-6475-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-8470-6475-2) 978-1-8470-6475-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Religion%3A+A+Contextual+Approach&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-8470-6475-2&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Xinzhong&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Yanxia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zang, Xiaowei (2016). "Introduction: Who Are Ethnic Minorities and How Well Do They Do In China?". Handbook on Ethnic Minorities in China . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing) (Edward Elgar Publishing) Edward Elgar Publishing . pp. 1– 19. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784717353) (Special:BookSources/9781784717353) 9781784717353  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Who+Are+Ethnic+Minorities+and+How+Well+Do+They+Do+In+China%3F&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+Ethnic+Minorities+in+China&rft.pages=1-19&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781784717353&rft.aulast=Zang&rft.aufirst=Xiaowei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zarrow, Peter (2006). China in War and Revolution, 1895–1949 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge) (Routledge) Routledge . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-21976-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-134-21976-6) 978-1-134-21976-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+War+and+Revolution%2C+1895%E2%80%931949&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-21976-6&rft.aulast=Zarrow&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zeng, Yi; Hesketh, Therese (2016). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5944611) "The Effects of China's Universal Two-Child Policy" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet) (The Lancet) The Lancet  . 388 (10054): 1930– 1938. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Lanc..388.1930Z) 2016Lanc..388.1930Z . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931405-2) 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31405-2 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5944611) 5944611  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27751400) 27751400 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+China%27s+Universal+Two-Child+Policy&rft.volume=388&rft.issue=10054&rft.pages=1930-1938&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5944611%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27751400&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931405-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Lanc..388.1930Z&rft.aulast=Zeng&rft.aufirst=Yi&rft.au=Hesketh%2C+Therese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5944611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zhai, Yida (2023). "Public Opinion in a Rising Power: National and International Orientations among the Chinese Public". Journal of East Asian Studies . 23 : 71– 94. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjea.2023.3) 10.1017/jea.2023.3 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Public+Opinion+in+a+Rising+Power%3A+National+and+International+Orientations+among+the+Chinese+Public&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=71-94&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjea.2023.3&rft.aulast=Zhai&rft.aufirst=Yida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zhang, Chenghui; Zhang, Bo; Hong, Qingyang (2026). "Crime Data in Mainland China: Legal Frameworks, Accessibility, and Research Challenges". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Criminal_Justice) (Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice) Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice  . 42 (1): 132– 152. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10439862251387467) 10.1177/10439862251387467 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Crime+Data+in+Mainland+China%3A+Legal+Frameworks%2C+Accessibility%2C+and+Research+Challenges&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=132-152&rft.date=2026&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F10439862251387467&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Chenghui&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Bo&rft.au=Hong%2C+Qingyang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zhang, Hui; Zhou, Zheng (2019). "How is Table Tennis in China Successful?". German Journal of Exercise and Sports Research . 49 (3): 244– 250. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12662-019-00583-4) 10.1007/s12662-019-00583-4 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Journal+of+Exercise+and+Sports+Research&rft.atitle=How+is+Table+Tennis+in+China+Successful%3F&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=244-250&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12662-019-00583-4&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Hui&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Zheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zhang, Mo (2026). Contemporary Chinese Law and Legal System: Fundamentals, Civil Justice and Process . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009690478) 10.1017/9781009690478 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009690447) (Special:BookSources/9781009690447) 9781009690447  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Chinese+Law+and+Legal+System%3A+Fundamentals%2C+Civil+Justice+and+Process&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2026&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009690478&rft.isbn=9781009690447&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Mo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zhang, Xiang (2022). "The Internet Media in China". In Adams, Paul C.; Warf, Barney (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Media Geographies . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge) (Routledge) Routledge . pp. 60– 73. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003039068) 10.4324/9781003039068 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-48285-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-367-48285-5) 978-0-367-48285-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Internet+Media+in+China&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Media+Geographies&rft.pages=60-73&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003039068&rft.isbn=978-0-367-48285-5&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Xiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisheng_Zhao) (Suisheng Zhao) Zhao, Suisheng (2023). The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press) (Stanford University Press) Stanford University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503634152) 10.1515/9781503634152 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2) 978-1-5036-3415-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon+Roars+Back%3A+Transformational+Leaders+and+Dynamics+of+Chinese+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503634152&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zheng, Jinming; Chen, Shushu; Tan, Tien-Chin; Lau, Patrick Wing Chung (2018). "Sport Policy in China (Mainland)". International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics . 10 (3): 469– 491. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19406940.2017.1413585) 10.1080/19406940.2017.1413585 . 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(Liao dynasty) Liao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty) (Song dynasty) Song  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115–1234)) (Jin dynasty (1115–1234)) Jin (1115–1234)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) (Yuan dynasty) Yuan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty) (Ming dynasty) Ming  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty) (Qing dynasty) Qing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Qing_era) (High Qing era) High Qing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_of_humiliation) (Century of humiliation) Century of humiliation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion) (Taiping Rebellion) Taiping Rebellion    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China) (Eunuchs in China) Eunuch      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Modern_period) (History of China) Modern  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Revolution) (1911 Revolution) 1911 Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiyang_government) (Beiyang government) Beiyang government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_government) (Nationalist government) Nationalist government (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War) (Chinese Civil War) Chinese Civil War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution) (Chinese Communist Revolution) Chinese Communist Revolution    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (History of the People's Republic of China) People's Republic of China (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution) (Cultural Revolution) Cultural Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up) (Reform and opening up) Reform and opening up  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre) (1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre) Tiananmen Square  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China) (COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China) COVID-19  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China) (Persecution of Uyghurs in China) persecution of Uyghurs    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_China) (List of massacres in China) List of massacres in China           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_China) (Geography of China) Geography   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_China) (Borders of China) Borders  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_China) (Climate of China) Climate of China (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China) (Climate change in China) Climate change    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_China) (List of extreme points of China) Extreme points  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_China) (Geology of China) Geology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_China) (Natural disasters in China) Natural disasters (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floods_in_China) (Floods in China) Floods      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China) (List of regions of China) Regions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China) (East China) East  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_China) (Northeast China) Northeast  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_China) (North China) North  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_China) (South Central China) South Central (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_China) (Central China) Central  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China) (South China) South    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_China) (Western China) Western (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_China) (Northwestern China) Northwestern  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_China) (Southwestern China) Southwestern        Terrain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bays_of_China) (Category:Bays of China) Bays  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_China) (Category:Canyons and gorges of China) Canyons  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Caves_of_China) (Category:Caves of China) Caves  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_China) (Category:Deserts of China) Deserts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_China) (Category:Grasslands of China) Grasslands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hills_of_China) (Category:Hills of China) Hills  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_China) (List of islands of China) Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_China) (Category:Mountains of China) Mountains (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_China) (Category:Mountain ranges of China) ranges  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountain_passes_of_China) (Category:Mountain passes of China) passes    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_China) (Category:Peninsulas of China) Peninsulas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain) (Northeast China Plain) Northeast  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_China_Plain) (North China Plain) North  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongyuan) (Zhongyuan) Central Plains  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_China) (Category:Valleys of China) Valleys  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_China) (List of volcanoes in China) Volcanoes      Water (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canals_in_China) (Category:Canals in China) Canals  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_China) (List of lakes of China) Lakes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China) (List of rivers of China) Rivers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_China) (Category:Waterfalls of China) Waterfalls  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_China) (Category:Wetlands of China) Wetlands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources_of_China) (Water resources of China) Water resources  Seas (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohai_Sea) (Bohai Sea) Bohai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Sea) (Yellow Sea) Yellow  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea) (East China Sea) East China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea) (South China Sea) South China        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_China) (Environment of China) Environment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China) (Climate change in China) Climate change  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_policy_of_China) (Climate policy of China) Climate policy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China) (Environmental issues in China) Environmental issues  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China) (Environmental policy in China) Environmental policy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_China) (List of protected areas of China) Protected areas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_China) (List of national parks of China) National parks  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nature_reserves_in_China) (Category:Nature reserves in China) Nature reserves  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserves_in_China) (List of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in China) UNESCO Biosphere Reserves  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_China) (Wildlife of China) Wildlife (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_China) (Fauna of China) Fauna  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_China) (Flora of China) Flora             (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China) (Administrative divisions of China) Subdivisions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baselines_of_the_Chinese_territorial_sea) (Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea) Baseline islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Border_crossings_of_China) (Category:Border crossings of China) Border crossings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China) (List of cities in China) Cities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China) (Administrative divisions of China) Province-level subdivisions           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_China) (Politics of China) Politics    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Law of the People's Republic of China) Law  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China) (Judicial system of China) Judicial system  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_China) (Human rights in China) Human rights (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China) (LGBT rights in China) LGBT  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet) (Human rights in Tibet) in Tibet    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China) (Law enforcement in China) Law enforcement (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_system_in_China) (Penal system in China) Penal system    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_laws_in_China) (Naming laws in China) Naming laws  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality_law_of_China) (Nationality law of China) Nationality law  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_China) (Terrorism in China) Terrorism           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_China) (Government of China) Government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_of_China) (Civil service of China) Civil service  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_China) (Constitution of China) Constitution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_China) (Democracy in China) Democracy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_movements_of_China) (Democracy movements of China) Pro-democratisation    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_China) (Elections in China) Elections  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China) (Environmental policy in China) Environmental policy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China) (Foreign relations of China) Foreign relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laogai) (Laogai) Laogai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People's_Congress) (National People's Congress) National People's Congress (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress) (Standing Committee of the National People's Congress) Standing Committee    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security_of_China) (National security of China) National security  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China) (List of political parties in China) Political parties and movements (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) (Chinese Communist Party) Chinese Communist Party (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) General Secretary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_parties_(China)) (Democratic parties (China)) Democratic parties (China)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_front_(China)) (United front (China)) United front (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference) (Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) Political Consultative Conference    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_multi-party_cooperation_and_political_consultation) (System of multi-party cooperation and political consultation) System of multi-party cooperation and political consultation    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics) (Socialism with Chinese characteristics) Socialism with Chinese characteristics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism) (Primary stage of socialism) Primary stage of socialism    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China) (President of China) President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_China) (Vice President of China) Vice President    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_China) (State Council of China) State Council (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_China) (Premier of China) Premier  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China) (Vice Premier of China) Vice Premier    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole-process_people's_democracy) (Whole-process people's democracy) Whole-process people's democracy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_country,_two_systems) (One country, two systems) One country, two systems      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_China) (Military of China) Military  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China) Outline of military history  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Central Military Commission (China)) Central Military Commission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_China) (Cyberwarfare and China) Cyberwarfare and China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)) (Ministry of National Defense (China)) Ministry of National Defense  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army) (People's Liberation Army) People's Liberation Army (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force) (People's Liberation Army Ground Force) Ground  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Navy) (People's Liberation Army Navy) Navy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Air_Force) (People's Liberation Army Air Force) Air  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force) (People's Liberation Army Rocket Force) Rocket  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force) (People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force) Strategic Support    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Armed_Police) (People's Armed Police) People's Armed Police (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Coast_Guard) (China Coast Guard) Coast Guard    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(China)) (Militia (China)) Militia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Militia) (Maritime Militia) Maritime Militia             (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China) (Economy of China) Economy   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_China) (Agriculture in China) Agriculture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China) (Aquaculture in China) Aquaculture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_China) (Banking in China) Banking (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Bank_of_China) (People's Bank of China) Central bank    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi) (Renminbi) Currency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949–present)) (Economic history of China (1949–present)) Economic history (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up) (Reform and opening up) Reform and opening up  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China) (Special economic zones of China) Special economic zones    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce_in_China) (E-commerce in China) E-commerce (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising_in_China) (Online advertising in China) Online advertising    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality_in_China) (Economic inequality in China) Economic inequality in China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China) (Energy policy of China) Energy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_in_China) (Coal in China) Coal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China) (Petroleum industry in China) Petroleum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China) (Renewable energy in China) Renewable    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_evictions_in_China) (Forced evictions in China) Forced evictions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China) (Foreign aid to China) Foreign aid received  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid) (Chinese foreign aid) Foreign aid program  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China) (Historical GDP of China) Historical GDP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_in_China) (Housing in China) Housing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_China) (Income inequality in China) Income inequality in China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_of_China) (Industry of China) Industry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_China) (Chemical industry in China) Chemical  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China) (Gold mining in China) Gold mining  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_China) (Semiconductor industry in China) Semiconductors  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China) (Steel industry in China) Steel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China) (Textile industry in China) Textiles    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_relations_in_China) (Labor relations in China) Labor relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_China) (Poverty in China) Poverty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_in_China) (Real estate in China) Real estate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_real_estate_crisis_(2020–present)) (Chinese real estate crisis (2020–present)) Crisis (2020–present)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China) (Standard of living in China) Standard of living  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_China) (Taxation in China) Taxation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_China) (Tourism in China) Tourism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_trade_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (History of trade of the People's Republic of China) Trade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underoccupied_developments_in_China) (Underoccupied developments in China) Underoccupied developments  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_in_China) (Unemployment in China) Unemployment      Infrastructure (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_in_China) (Architecture in China) Architecture (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_in_China) (Housing in China) Housing    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China) (Telecommunications in China) Telecommunications (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_China) (Internet in China) Internet    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China) (Water supply and sanitation in China) Water supply and sanitation      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_China) (Transport in China) Transport  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China) (Automotive industry in China) Automotive industry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China) (Civil aviation in China) Civil aviation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China) (Rail transport in China) Rail  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China) (Shipping industry of China) Shipping industry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_space_program) (Chinese space program) Space program           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Society_of_China) (Category:Society of China) Society   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_China) (Abortion in China) Abortion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_China) (Censorship in China) Censorship  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Dream) (Chinese Dream) Chinese Dream  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language) (Chinese language) Chinese language (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese) (Standard Chinese) Standard Chinese  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Chinese) (Written Chinese) Written Chinese    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_China) (Crime in China) Crime (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_China) (Corruption in China) Corruption  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_China) (Prostitution in China) Prostitution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China) (Sex trafficking in China) Sex trafficking    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_China) (Education in China) Education (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_China) (Literacy in China) Literacy    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_China) (Freedom of the press in China) Freedom of the press  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonious_Society) (Harmonious Society) Harmonious Society  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_China) (Health in China) Health (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety_in_China) (Food safety in China) Food safety (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China) (Food safety incidents in China) incidents    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China) (HIV/AIDS in China) HIV/AIDS    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_intellectualism) (Chinese intellectualism) Intellectualism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps) (Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps) Xinjiang PCC  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Districts_Economic_Commission) (Three Districts Economic Commission) Three Districts Economic Commission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Xinjiang) (List of administrative divisions of Xinjiang) List of administrative divisions of Xinjiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Chinese_culture) (Martyrdom in Chinese culture) Martyrdom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China) (Mass surveillance in China) Surveillance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_China) (Propaganda in China) Propaganda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_and_dissent_in_China) (Protest and dissent in China) Protest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_incidents_in_China) (Mass incidents in China) "Mass incidents"    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China) (Public holidays in China) Public holidays  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_society_in_China) (Rural society in China) Rural society  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China) (Science and technology in China) Science and technology (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China) (Technological and industrial history of China) history    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality_in_China) (Sexuality in China) Sexuality  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues_in_China) (Social issues in China) Social issues (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy_in_China) (Patriarchy in China) Patriarchy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_China) (Racism in China) Racism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China) (Regional discrimination in China) Regional discrimination  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_China) (Suicide in China) Suicide    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security_in_China) (Social security in China) Social security  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_social_relations) (Chinese social relations) Social relations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_structure_of_China) (Social structure of China) Structure    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_ping) (Tang ping) Tang ping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_China) (Time in China) Time  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_society_in_China) (Urban society in China) Urban society  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_in_China) (Welfare in China) Welfare      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_China) (Culture of China) Culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_China) (Archaeology of China) Archaeology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_in_China) (Archives in China) Archives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_art) (Chinese art) Art  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy) (Chinese calligraphy) Calligraphy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_China) (Cinema of China) Cinema  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine) (Chinese cuisine) Cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_China) (Dance in China) Dance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libraries_in_China) (Libraries in China) Libraries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_literature) (Chinese literature) Literature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_poetry) (Chinese poetry) Poetry    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts) (Chinese martial arts) Martial arts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_China) (Mass media in China) Mass media  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_China) (Music of China) Music  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_China) (Names of China) Names  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophy) (Chinese philosophy) Philosophy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_in_China) (Smoking in China) Smoking  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_China) (Sport in China) Sport  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture) (Chinese tea culture) Tea culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_variety_art) (Chinese variety art) Variety art  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Historical_and_Cultural_Site_Protected_at_the_National_Level) (Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level) Major Historical and Cultural Sites  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China) (List of World Heritage Sites in China) World Heritage Sites    Fours of China (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_of_the_Four_Seasons) (Flowers of the Four Seasons) Flowers of the Four Seasons  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Four) (Gang of Four) Gang of Four  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_arts) (Four arts) Four arts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Beauties) (Four Beauties) Four Beauties  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels) (Classic Chinese Novels) Four Classic Novels  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Gentlemen) (Four Gentlemen) Four Gentlemen  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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia) (South Ossetia) South Ossetia 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Taiwan      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory) (Dependent territory) Dependent territories    Australia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island) (Christmas Island) Christmas Island  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands) (Cocos (Keeling) Islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands      United Kingdom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia) (Akrotiri and Dhekelia) Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2 (Sovereign Base Areas) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory) (British Indian Ocean Territory) British Indian Ocean Territory           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China) (Special administrative regions of China) Special administrative regions of China   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) (Hong Kong) Hong Kong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau) (Macau) Macau      1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent. 2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.  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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_for_East_Asia) (Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia) Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_model) (East Asian model) Capitalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Summit) (East Asia Summit) East Asia Summit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Bureau_of_Economic_Research) (East Asian Bureau of Economic Research) East Asian Bureau of Economic Research  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Community) (East Asian Community) East Asian Community  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers) (Four Asian Tigers) Four Asian Tigers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbors_of_the_Pacific_Ocean) (List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean) Ports  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_East_Asia) (Category:Science and technology in East Asia) Science and technology 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Miyamoto Musashi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Five_Rings) (The Book of Five Rings) The Book of Five Rings     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Tzu) (Sun Tzu) Sun Tzu (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War) (The Art of War) The Art of War     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin) (Yi Sun-sin) Yi Sun-sin           (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:G8_nations) (Template:G8 nations) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:G8_nations) (Template talk:G8 nations) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G8_nations) (Special:EditPage/Template:G8 nations) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Eight) (Group of Eight) Group of Eight (G8) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8+5) (G8+5) Group of Eight + Five 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven#History) (Group of Seven) G6  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven) (Group of Seven) G7  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Eight#History) (Group of Eight) G7+1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_(Western_Europe)) (Big Four (Western Europe)) G4 (Europe)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4_nations) (G4 nations) G4 (UN)         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:G20) (Template:G20) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:G20) (Template talk:G20) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G20) (Special:EditPage/Template:G20) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20) (G20) G20 major economies    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina) (Argentina) Argentina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia) (Australia) Australia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil) (Brazil) Brazil  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada) (Canada) Canada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union) (European Union) European Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) (France) France  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) (Germany) Germany  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy) (Italy) Italy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) Japan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico) (Mexico) Mexico  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa) (South Africa) South Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) (South Korea) South Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) United Kingdom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:BRICS) (Template:BRICS) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:BRICS) (Template talk:BRICS) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS) (Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS) (BRICS) BRICS    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_BRICS) (Member states of BRICS) Membership  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil) (Brazil) Brazil  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) China  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa) (South Africa) South Africa  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia) Ethiopia  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia      Summits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_BRIC_summit) (1st BRIC summit) Yekaterinburg 2009  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_BRIC_summit) (2nd BRIC summit) Brasília 2010  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_BRICS_summit) (3rd BRICS summit) Sanya 2011  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_BRICS_summit) (4th BRICS summit) New Delhi 2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_BRICS_summit) (5th BRICS summit) Durban 2013  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_BRICS_summit) (6th BRICS summit) Fortaleza 2014  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_BRICS_summit) (7th BRICS summit) Ufa 2015  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_BRICS_summit) (8th BRICS summit) Goa 2016  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_BRICS_summit) (9th BRICS summit) Xiamen 2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_BRICS_summit) (10th BRICS summit) Johannesburg 2018  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_BRICS_summit) (11th BRICS summit) Brasília 2019  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_BRICS_summit) (12th BRICS summit) Saint Petersburg 2020  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_BRICS_summit) (13th BRICS summit) New Delhi 2021  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_BRICS_summit) (14th BRICS summit) Beijing 2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_BRICS_summit) (15th BRICS summit) Johannesburg 2023  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_BRICS_summit) (16th BRICS summit) Kazan 2024  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_BRICS_summit) (17th BRICS summit) Rio de Janeiro 2025  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_BRICS_summit) (18th BRICS summit) India 2026      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_BRICS_summit_attendees) (List of BRICS summit attendees) Leaders  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil) (Brazil) (Brazil)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Inácio_Lula_da_Silva) (Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva) Lula  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) (Russia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin) (Vladimir Putin) Putin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) (India)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi) (Narendra Modi) Modi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) (China)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping) Xi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa) (South Africa) (South Africa)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa) (Cyril Ramaphosa) Ramaphosa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) (Egypt)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi) (Abdel Fattah el-Sisi) Sisi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia) (Ethiopia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed) (Abiy Ahmed) Ahmed  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) (Iran)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian) (Masoud Pezeshkian) Pezeshkian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) (United Arab Emirates)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan) (Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan) Al Nahyan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) (Indonesia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto) (Prabowo Subianto) Prabowo      Sports (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup) (BRICS U-17 Football Cup) BRICS U-17 Football Cup (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup) (2016 BRICS U-17 Football Cup) 2016 Goa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup) (2018 BRICS U-17 Football Cup) 2018 Johannesburg    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_Games) (BRICS Games) BRICS Games (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_BRICS_Games) (2024 BRICS Games) 2024 Kazan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Athletics at the 2024 BRICS Games) Athletics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Badminton at the 2024 BRICS Games) Badminton  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Gymnastics at the 2024 BRICS Games) Gymnastics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Breaking at the 2024 BRICS Games) Breaking  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrobatic_rock_and_roll_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Acrobatic rock and roll at the 2024 BRICS Games) Acrobatic rock and roll  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phygital_football_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Phygital football at the 2024 BRICS Games) Phygital football  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phygital_basketball_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Phygital basketball at the 2024 BRICS Games) Phygital basketball        Related (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_Contingent_Reserve_Arrangement) (BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement) BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_Cable) (BRICS Cable) BRICS Cable  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_Universities_League) (BRICS Universities League) BRICS Universities League  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Development_Bank) (New Development Bank) New Development Bank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_PAY) (BRICS PAY) BRICS PAY  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIC_(economics_term)) (BRIC (economics term)) BRIC (economics term)         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   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(Sixth East Asia Summit) 6th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_East_Asia_Summit) (Seventh East Asia Summit) 7th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_East_Asia_Summit) (Eighth East Asia Summit) 8th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_East_Asia_Summit) (Ninth East Asia Summit) 9th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_East_Asia_Summit) (Tenth East Asia Summit) 10th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_East_Asia_Summit) (Eleventh East Asia Summit) 11th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_East_Asia_Summit) (Twelfth East Asia Summit) 12th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_East_Asia_Summit) (Thirteenth East Asia Summit) 13th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_East_Asia_Summit) (Fourteenth East Asia Summit) 14th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_East_Asia_Summit) (Fifteenth East Asia Summit) 15th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteenth_East_Asia_Summit) (Sixteenth East Asia Summit) 16th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_East_Asia_Summit) (Seventeenth East Asia Summit) 17th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_East_Asia_Summit) (Eighteenth East Asia Summit) 18th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_East_Asia_Summit) (Nineteenth East Asia Summit) 19th      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia) (Australia) Australia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei) (Brunei) Brunei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia) (Cambodia) Cambodia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) Japan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos) (Laos) Laos  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) (Malaysia) Malaysia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar) (Myanmar) Myanmar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand) (New Zealand) New Zealand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines) (Philippines) Philippines  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore) (Singapore) Singapore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) (South Korea) South Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) Thailand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam) (Vietnam) Vietnam          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state) (Template:Socialism by state) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_by_state) (Template talk:Socialism by state) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_by_state) (Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism by state) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism) (Socialism) Socialism by country   By country (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Argentina) (Socialism in Argentina) Argentina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia) (Socialism in Australia) Australia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Australia) (New Australia) New Australia    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh) (Socialism in Bangladesh) Bangladesh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Brazil) (Socialism in Brazil) Brazil (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulism) (Lulism) Lulism    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada) (Socialism in Canada) Canada  China (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party) Communist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics) (Socialism with Chinese characteristics) since 1978    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang) (Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang) Kuomintang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong) (Socialism in Hong Kong) Hong Kong    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Estonia) (Socialism in Estonia) Estonia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Ethiopia) (Socialism in Ethiopia) Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Finland) (Socialism in Finland) Finland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Left) (French Left) France  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece) (Socialism in Greece) Greece  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_India) (Socialism in India) India  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran) (Socialism in Iran) Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Israel) (Socialism in Israel) Israel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy) (Socialism in Italy) Italy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Libya) (Socialism in Libya) Libya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands) (Socialism in the Netherlands) Netherlands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand) (Socialism in New Zealand) New Zealand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan) (Socialism in Pakistan) Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka) (Socialism in Sri Lanka) Sri Lanka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_model) (Nordic model) Sweden  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Tunisia) (Socialism in Tunisia) Tunisia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Turkey) (Socialism in Turkey) Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_Kingdom) (Socialism in the United Kingdom) United Kingdom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jeremy_Corbyn) (Political positions of Jeremy Corbyn) Corbynism    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_States) (Socialism in the United States) United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_socialism) (African-American socialism) African-American    Venezuela (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavismo) (Chavismo) Chavismo    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam) (Socialism in Vietnam) Vietnam      Regional  variants (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_socialism) (African socialism) African  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Left) (American Left) American  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_socialism) (Arab socialism) Arab  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Left) (British Left) British (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain's_Road_to_Socialism) (Britain's Road to Socialism) Road to Socialism    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism) (Burmese Way to Socialism) Burmese  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics) (Socialism with Chinese characteristics) Chinese  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Zionism) (Labor Zionism) Israeli  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesian_socialism) (Melanesian socialism) Melanesian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandinista_ideology) (Sandinista ideology) Nicaraguan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujamaa) (Ujamaa) Tanzanian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution) (Bolivarian Revolution) Venezuelan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy) (Socialist-oriented market economy) Vietnamese  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy) (Social democracy) Western Europe      Current & historical (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_state) (Socialist state) socialist states    Africa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Angola) (People's Republic of Angola) Angola  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Benin) (People's Republic of Benin) Benin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso) (History of Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Comoros) (State of the Comoros) Comoros  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_the_Congo) (People's Republic of the Congo) Congo-Brazzaville  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) (History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser) Egypt  Ethiopia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg) (Derg) 1974–1987  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia) (People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia) 1987–1991    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)) (History of Guinea) Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi) (History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi) Libya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar) (Democratic Republic of Madagascar) Madagascar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Mozambique) (People's Republic of Mozambique) Mozambique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles) (One-party rule in Seychelles) Seychelles  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic) (Somali Democratic Republic) Somalia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan) (Democratic Republic of Sudan) Sudan      Americas (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Payne_Movement) (Clement Payne Movement) Barbados  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba) (Cuba) Cuba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Revolutionary_Government) (People's Revolutionary Government) Grenada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile) (Socialist Republic of Chile) Chile  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction) (Junta of National Reconstruction) Nicaragua  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Republic) (New Democratic Republic) Peru      Asia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan) (Democratic Republic of Afghanistan) Afghanistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma) (Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma) Burma  Cambodia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea) (Democratic Kampuchea) 1975–1979  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Kampuchea) (People's Republic of Kampuchea) 1979–1992    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba'athist_Iraq) (Ba'athist Iraq) Iraq  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea) (North Korea) North Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos) (Laos) Laos  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_People's_Republic) (Mongolian People's Republic) Mongolia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yemen) (South Yemen) South Yemen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba'athist_Syria) (Ba'athist Syria) Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_People's_Republic) (Tuvan People's Republic) Tuva  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam) (Vietnam) Vietnam (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam) (North Vietnam) North Vietnam     Short-lived socialist states in Asia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_People's_Government) (Azerbaijan People's Government) Azerbaijan People's Government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic) (Second East Turkestan Republic) East Turkestan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic) (Far Eastern Republic) Far East  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_People's_Government) (Fujian People's Government) Fujian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic) (Persian Socialist Soviet Republic) Gilan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People's_Republic) (Inner Mongolian People's Republic) Inner Mongolia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic) (Chinese Soviet Republic) Jiangxi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait) (Republic of Kuwait) Kuwait  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad) (Republic of Mahabad) Kurdish Republic of Mahabad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_People's_Committee_of_North_Korea) (Provisional People's Committee of North Korea) North Korea (1946–1947)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Committee_of_North_Korea) (People's Committee of North Korea) North Korea (1947–1948)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Yemen) (Democratic Republic of Yemen) Democratic Republic of Yemen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam) (Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam) South Vietnam      Europe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania) (People's Socialist Republic of Albania) Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Bulgaria) (People's Republic of Bulgaria) Bulgaria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic) (Czechoslovak Socialist Republic) Czechoslovakia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany) (East Germany) East Germany  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_People's_Republic) (Hungarian People's Republic) Hungary (1949–1989)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People's_Republic) (Polish People's Republic) Poland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania) (Socialist Republic of Romania) Romania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) (Soviet Union) Soviet Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia) (Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) Yugoslavia   Short-lived socialist states in Europe: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine_Soviet_Republic) (Alsace-Lorraine Soviet Republic) Alsace–Lorraine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat_Republic) (Banat Republic) Banat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian–Hungarian_Baranya–Baja_Republic) (Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic) Baranya–Baja  Bavaria (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_State_of_Bavaria) (People's State of Bavaria) 1918–1919  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic) (Bavarian Soviet Republic) 1919    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic) (Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic) Bessarabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia) (Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia) Byelorussia (1919)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic) (Bremen Soviet Republic) Bremen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihać_Republic) (Bihać Republic) Bihać  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic) (Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic) Crimea (1919)  Finland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers'_Republic) (Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic) 1918  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic) (Finnish Democratic Republic) 1939–1940    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia) (Commune of the Working People of Estonia) Estonia (1918–1919)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic) (Galician Soviet Socialist Republic) Galicia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic) (Hungarian Soviet Republic) Hungary (1919)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_soviets) (Irish soviets) Ireland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naissaar#Soviet_Republic_of_Naissaar) (Naissaar) Naissaar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony_in_the_German_Revolution_(1918–1919)) (Saxony in the German Revolution (1918–1919)) Saxony  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic) (Slovak Soviet Republic) Slovakia (1919)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg) (Republic of Tarnobrzeg) Tarnobrzeg  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Užice) (Republic of Užice) Užice  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Würzburg_Soviet_Republic) (Würzburg Soviet Republic) Würzburg  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Soldiers'_Council) (Brussels Soldiers' Council) Brussels Soldiers' Council           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_socialism) (History of socialism) History of socialism       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:UN_Security_Council) (Template:UN Security Council) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:UN_Security_Council) (Template talk:UN Security Council) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UN_Security_Council) (Special:EditPage/Template:UN Security Council) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council) (United Nations Security Council) Security Council of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations    Power (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations) (Charter of the United Nations) Charter of the United Nations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_V_of_the_United_Nations_Charter) (Chapter V of the United Nations Charter) Chapter V  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter) (Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter) Chapter VII  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power) (United Nations Security Council veto power) Veto    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution) (United Nations Security Council resolution) Resolution (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions) (Lists of United Nations Security Council resolutions) lists  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vetoed_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions) (List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions) vetoed        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_Nations_Security_Council_subsidiary_organs) (Category:United Nations Security Council subsidiary organs) Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer) (United Nations Military Observer) Military Observer  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacebuilding_Commission) (Peacebuilding Commission) Peacebuilding Commission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Counter-Terrorism_Committee) (United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee) Counter-Terrorism Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping) (History of United Nations peacekeeping) Peacekeeping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Staff_Committee) (Military Staff Committee) Military Staff Committee      Missions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Command) (United Nations Command) United Nations Command  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Task_Force) (Unified Task Force) Unified Task Force  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Mandate) (UN Mandate) UN Mandate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions) (List of United Nations peacekeeping missions) Peacekeeping missions      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council) (List of members of the United Nations Security Council) Members   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council) (Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council) Permanent  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) (France) France  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) United Kingdom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Nations_Security_Council_election) (2024 United Nations Security Council election) 2025–2026  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark) (Denmark) Denmark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece) (Greece) Greece  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama) (Panama) Panama  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_Nations_Security_Council_election) (2025 United Nations Security Council election) 2026–2027  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia) (Colombia) Colombia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia) (Latvia) Latvia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia) (Liberia) Liberia           Related (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_elections) (United Nations Security Council elections) Elections  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council) (Presidency of the United Nations Security Council) Presidency of the Security Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_VI_of_the_United_Nations_Charter) (Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter) Chapter VI of the UN Charter  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council) (Reform of the United Nations Security Council) Reform of the Security Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_mural) (United Nations Security Council mural) Security Council mural  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arria_formula_meeting) (Arria formula meeting) Arria formula meeting  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P5+1) (P5+1) P5+1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Five_Group) (Small Five Group) Small Five Group      (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_Nations_Security_Council) (Category:United Nations Security Council) Category         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_Trade_Organization) (Template:World Trade Organization) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:World_Trade_Organization) (Template talk:World Trade Organization) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Trade_Organization) (Special:EditPage/Template:World Trade Organization) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization) (World Trade Organization) World Trade Organization    System (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Trade_Organization) (Member states of the World Trade Organization) Accession and membership  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_Body) (Appellate Body) Appellate Body  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body) (Dispute Settlement Body) Dispute Settlement Body  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Centre) (International Trade Centre) International Trade Centre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_World_Trade_Organization) (Timeline of the World Trade Organization) Chronology of key events      Issues (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_World_Trade_Organization) (Criticism of the World Trade Organization) Criticism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_Development_Round) (Doha Development Round) Doha Development Round  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_issues) (Singapore issues) Singapore issues  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quota_Elimination) (Quota Elimination) Quota Elimination  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Clause) (Peace Clause) Peace Clause      Agreements (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade) (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Agriculture) (Agreement on Agriculture) Agriculture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures) (Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures) Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade) (Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade) Technical Barriers to Trade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Investment_Measures) (Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures) Trade-Related Investment Measures  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services) (General Agreement on Trade in Services) Trade in Services  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement) (TRIPS Agreement) Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Government_Procurement) (Agreement on Government Procurement) Government Procurement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology_Agreement) (Information Technology Agreement) Information Technology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreement) (Marrakesh Agreement) Marrakesh Agreement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health) (Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health) Doha Declaration  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_Package) (Bali Package) Bali Package      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerial_Conference) (Ministerial Conference) Ministerial Conferences  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1996) (World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996) 1st (1996)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1998) (World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998) 2nd (1998)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999) (World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999) 3rd (1999)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001) (World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001) 4th (2001)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003) (World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003) 5th (2003)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005) (World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005) 6th (2005)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2009) (World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009) 7th (2009)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2011) (World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011) 8th (2011)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2013) (World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013) 9th (2013)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2015) (World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015) 10th (2015)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2017) (World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2017) 11th (2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2022) (World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2022) 12th (2022)      People (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala) (Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala) Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization) (Director-General of the World Trade Organization) Director-General ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Azevêdo) (Roberto Azevêdo) Roberto Azevêdo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lamy) (Pascal Lamy) Pascal Lamy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi) (Supachai Panitchpakdi) Supachai Panitchpakdi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Jara) (Alejandro Jara) Alejandro Jara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Yerxa) (Rufus Yerxa) Rufus Yerxa      Members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan) (Economy of Afghanistan) Afghanistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Albania) (Economy of Albania) Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria) (Economy of Algeria) Algeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Angola) (Economy of Angola) Angola  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda) (Economy of Antigua and Barbuda) Antigua and Barbuda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina) (Economy of Argentina) Argentina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia) (Economy of Armenia) Armenia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Australia) (Economy of Australia) Australia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain) (Economy of Bahrain) Bahrain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh) (Economy of Bangladesh) Bangladesh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados) (Economy of Barbados) Barbados  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Belize) (Economy of Belize) Belize  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Benin) (Economy of Benin) Benin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia) (Economy of Bolivia) Bolivia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana) (Economy of Botswana) Botswana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil) (Economy of Brazil) Brazil  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei) (Economy of Brunei) Brunei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso) (Economy of Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar) (Economy of Myanmar) Myanmar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi) (Economy of Burundi) Burundi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia) (Economy of Cambodia) Cambodia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon) (Economy of Cameroon) Cameroon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Canada) (Economy of Canada) Canada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cape_Verde) (Economy of Cape Verde) Cape Verde  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic) (Economy of the Central African Republic) Central African Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Chad) (Economy of Chad) Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Chile) (Economy of Chile) Chile  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China) (Economy of China) China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia) (Economy of Colombia) Colombia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Economy of the Republic of the Congo) Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Costa_Rica) (Economy of Costa Rica) Costa Rica  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ivory_Coast) (Economy of Ivory Coast) Ivory Coast  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba) (Economy of Cuba) Cuba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti) (Economy of Djibouti) Djibouti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Dominica) (Economy of Dominica) Dominica  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic) (Economy of the Dominican Republic) Dominican Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador) (Economy of Ecuador) Ecuador  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt) (Economy of Egypt) Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador) (Economy of El Salvador) El Salvador  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Eswatini) (Economy of Eswatini) Eswatini  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Fiji) (Economy of Fiji) Fiji  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon) (Economy of Gabon) Gabon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gambia) (Economy of the Gambia) The Gambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)) (Economy of Georgia (country)) Georgia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana) (Economy of Ghana) Ghana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Grenada) (Economy of Grenada) Grenada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala) (Economy of Guatemala) Guatemala  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea) (Economy of Guinea) Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea-Bissau) (Economy of Guinea-Bissau) Guinea-Bissau  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Guyana) (Economy of Guyana) Guyana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti) (Economy of Haiti) Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras) (Economy of Honduras) Honduras  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong) (Economy of Hong Kong) Hong Kong 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland) (Economy of Iceland) Iceland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_India) (Economy of India) India  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia) (Economy of Indonesia) Indonesia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Israel) (Economy of Israel) Israel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica) (Economy of Jamaica) Jamaica  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Japan) (Economy of Japan) Japan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan) (Economy of Jordan) Jordan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan) (Economy of Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya) (Economy of Kenya) Kenya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea) (Economy of South Korea) South Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait) (Economy of Kuwait) Kuwait  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan) (Economy of Kyrgyzstan) Kyrgyzstan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Laos) (Economy of Laos) Laos  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Lesotho) (Economy of Lesotho) Lesotho  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia) (Economy of Liberia) Liberia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein) (Economy of Liechtenstein) Liechtenstein  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Macau) (Economy of Macau) Macau 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar) (Economy of Madagascar) Madagascar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi) (Economy of Malawi) Malawi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia) (Economy of Malaysia) Malaysia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives) (Economy of the Maldives) Maldives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mali) (Economy of Mali) Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania) (Economy of Mauritania) Mauritania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius) (Economy of Mauritius) Mauritius  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico) (Economy of Mexico) Mexico  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova) (Economy of Moldova) Moldova  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia) (Economy of Mongolia) Mongolia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro) (Economy of Montenegro) Montenegro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco) (Economy of Morocco) Morocco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mozambique) (Economy of Mozambique) Mozambique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia) (Economy of Namibia) Namibia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal) (Economy of Nepal) Nepal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand) (Economy of New Zealand) New Zealand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua) (Economy of Nicaragua) Nicaragua  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Niger) (Economy of Niger) Niger  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria) (Economy of Nigeria) Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia) (Economy of North Macedonia) North Macedonia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Norway) (Economy of Norway) Norway  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Oman) (Economy of Oman) Oman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan) (Economy of Pakistan) Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Panama) (Economy of Panama) Panama  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea) (Economy of Papua New Guinea) Papua New Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Paraguay) (Economy of Paraguay) Paraguay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Peru) (Economy of Peru) Peru  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines) (Economy of the Philippines) Philippines  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar) (Economy of Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Russia) (Economy of Russia) Russia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda) (Economy of Rwanda) Rwanda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis) (Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis) St. Kitts and Nevis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Lucia) (Economy of Saint Lucia) St. Lucia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) (Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines) St. Vincent and the Grenadines  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa) (Economy of Samoa) Samoa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Economy of Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal) (Economy of Senegal) Senegal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Seychelles) (Economy of Seychelles) Seychelles  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Sierra_Leone) (Economy of Sierra Leone) Sierra Leone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore) (Economy of Singapore) Singapore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Solomon_Islands) (Economy of Solomon Islands) Solomon Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa) (Economy of South Africa) South Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka) (Economy of Sri Lanka) Sri Lanka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Suriname) (Economy of Suriname) Suriname  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland) (Economy of Switzerland) Switzerland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Tajikistan) (Economy of Tajikistan) Tajikistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan) (Economy of Taiwan) Taiwan 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Tanzania) (Economy of Tanzania) Tanzania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand) (Economy of Thailand) Thailand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Togo) (Economy of Togo) Togo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Tonga) (Economy of Tonga) Tonga  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago) (Economy of Trinidad and Tobago) Trinidad and Tobago  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Tunisia) (Economy of Tunisia) Tunisia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey) (Economy of Turkey) Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Uganda) (Economy of Uganda) Uganda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine) (Economy of Ukraine) Ukraine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates) (Economy of the United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom) (Economy of the United Kingdom) United Kingdom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States) (Economy of the United States) United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Uruguay) (Economy of Uruguay) Uruguay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela) (Economy of Venezuela) Venezuela  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam) (Economy of Vietnam) Vietnam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen) (Economy of Yemen) Yemen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia) (Economy of Zambia) Zambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe) (Economy of Zimbabwe) Zimbabwe    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union) (Economy of the European Union) European Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Austria) (Economy of Austria) Austria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium) (Economy of Belgium) Belgium  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria) (Economy of Bulgaria) Bulgaria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia) (Economy of Croatia) Croatia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus) (Economy of Cyprus) Cyprus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic) (Economy of the Czech Republic) Czech Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark) (Economy of Denmark) Denmark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia) (Economy of Estonia) Estonia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Finland) (Economy of Finland) Finland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_France) (Economy of France) France  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Germany) (Economy of Germany) Germany  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Greece) (Economy of Greece) Greece  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary) (Economy of Hungary) Hungary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland) (Economy of the Republic of Ireland) Ireland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Italy) (Economy of Italy) Italy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia) (Economy of Latvia) Latvia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania) (Economy of Lithuania) Lithuania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg) (Economy of Luxembourg) Luxembourg  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Malta) (Economy of Malta) Malta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands) (Economy of the Netherlands) Netherlands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Poland) (Economy of Poland) Poland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal) (Economy of Portugal) Portugal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Romania) (Economy of Romania) Romania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia) (Economy of Slovakia) Slovakia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia) (Economy of Slovenia) Slovenia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Spain) (Economy of Spain) Spain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden) (Economy of Sweden) Sweden           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China) (Special administrative regions of China) Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China , participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China". Officially the Republic of China, participates as "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei) (Chinese Taipei) Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu ", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Blue_Marble,_AS17-148-22727.jpg) ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World) (Portal:World) World portal         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation) (Template:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation) (Template talk:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation) (Special:EditPage/Template:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation) (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)    Nations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia) (Australia) Australia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei) (Brunei) Brunei   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada) (Canada) Canada   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile) (Chile) Chile   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) China   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) (Hong Kong) Hong Kong ¹  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) Japan   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) (South Korea) South Korea   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) (Malaysia) Malaysia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico) (Mexico) Mexico   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand) (New Zealand) New Zealand   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea) (Papua New Guinea) Papua New Guinea   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru) (Peru) Peru   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines) (Philippines) Philippines   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore) (Singapore) Singapore   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Taiwan ²  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) Thailand   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam) (Vietnam) Vietnam       Summits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Australia_1989) (APEC Australia 1989) 1989   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Singapore_1990?action=edit&redlink=1) (APEC Singapore 1990 (page does not exist)) 1990   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Republic_of_Korea_1991?action=edit&redlink=1) (APEC Republic of Korea 1991 (page does not exist)) 1991   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Thailand_1992?action=edit&redlink=1) (APEC Thailand 1992 (page does not exist)) 1992   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_United_States_1993?action=edit&redlink=1) (APEC United States 1993 (page does not exist)) 1993   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Indonesia_1994) (APEC Indonesia 1994) 1994   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Japan_1995?action=edit&redlink=1) (APEC Japan 1995 (page does not exist)) 1995   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Philippines_1996) (APEC Philippines 1996) 1996   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Canada_1997) (APEC Canada 1997) 1997   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Malaysia_1998?action=edit&redlink=1) (APEC Malaysia 1998 (page does not exist)) 1998   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_New_Zealand_1999?action=edit&redlink=1) (APEC New Zealand 1999 (page does not exist)) 1999   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Brunei_2000?action=edit&redlink=1) (APEC Brunei 2000 (page does not exist)) 2000   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_China_2001) (APEC China 2001) 2001   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Mexico_2002) (APEC Mexico 2002) 2002   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Thailand_2003) (APEC Thailand 2003) 2003   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Chile_2004) (APEC Chile 2004) 2004   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_South_Korea_2005) (APEC South Korea 2005) 2005   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Vietnam_2006) (APEC Vietnam 2006) 2006   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Australia_2007) (APEC Australia 2007) 2007   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Peru_2008) (APEC Peru 2008) 2008   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Singapore_2009) (APEC Singapore 2009) 2009   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Japan_2010) (APEC Japan 2010) 2010   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_United_States_2011) (APEC United States 2011) 2011   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Russia_2012) (APEC Russia 2012) 2012   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Indonesia_2013) (APEC Indonesia 2013) 2013   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_China_2014) (APEC China 2014) 2014   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Philippines_2015) (APEC Philippines 2015) 2015   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Peru_2016) (APEC Peru 2016) 2016   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Vietnam_2017) (APEC Vietnam 2017) 2017   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Papua_New_Guinea_2018) (APEC Papua New Guinea 2018) 2018   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Chile_2019) (APEC Chile 2019) 2019   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Malaysia_2020) (APEC Malaysia 2020) 2020   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_New_Zealand_2021) (APEC New Zealand 2021) 2021   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Thailand_2022) (APEC Thailand 2022) 2022   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_United_States_2023) (APEC United States 2023) 2023   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Peru_2024) (APEC Peru 2024) 2024   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_South_Korea_2025) (APEC South Korea 2025) 2025   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_China_2026) (APEC China 2026) 2026        Other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Business_Travel_Card) (APEC Business Travel Card) APEC Business Travel Card   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_blue) (APEC blue) APEC blue   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Climate_Center) (APEC Climate Center) APEC Climate Center   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Sculpture_Garden) (APEC Sculpture Garden) APEC Sculpture Garden   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Youth_Science_Festival) (APEC Youth Science Festival) APEC Youth Science Festival       1.  A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China) (Special administrative regions of China) special administrative region of China , participates as "Hong Kong, China"   2.  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China) (Republic of China) Republic of China (Taiwan) participates as "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei) (Chinese Taipei) Chinese Taipei "          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)    Summits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Beijing_SCO_summit) (2012 Beijing SCO summit) Beijing 2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Dushanbe_SCO_summit) (2014 Dushanbe SCO summit) Dushanbe 2014  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Astana_SCO_summit) (2017 Astana SCO summit) Astana 2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Qingdao_SCO_summit) (2018 Qingdao SCO summit) Qingdao 2018  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Samarkand_SCO_summit) (2022 Samarkand SCO summit) Samarkand 2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Astana_SCO_summit) (2024 Astana SCO summit) Astana 2024  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Islamabad_SCO_summit) (2024 Islamabad SCO summit) Islamabad 2024  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Tianjin_SCO_summit) (2025 Tianjin SCO summit) Tianjin 2025      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Member states  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus) (Belarus) Belarus  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) China  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan) (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) (Kyrgyzstan) Kyrgyzstan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan      Observer states ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia) (Mongolia) Mongolia      Dialogue partners ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia) (Armenia) Armenia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia) (Cambodia) Cambodia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos) (Laos) Laos  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives) (Maldives) Maldives  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar) (Myanmar) Myanmar  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal) (Nepal) Nepal  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka) (Sri Lanka) Sri Lanka  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates      Guests (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN) (ASEAN) ASEAN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States) (Commonwealth of Independent States) Commonwealth of Independent States  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations      Applicants ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria      See also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Member states  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Anti-Terrorist_Structure) (Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure) Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Evils) (Three Evils) Three Evils  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium) (SCO Interbank Consortium) SCO Interbank Consortium  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge) (Eurasian Land Bridge) Eurasian Land Bridge  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_language) (Working language) Working languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language) (Chinese language) Chinese  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language) (Russian language) Russian           (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:States_with_limited_recognition) (Template:States with limited recognition) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:States_with_limited_recognition) (Template talk:States with limited recognition) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_with_limited_recognition) (Special:EditPage/Template:States with limited recognition) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition) (List of states with limited recognition) States with limited recognition    Details concerning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition) (Diplomatic recognition) international recognition and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy) (Foreign policy) foreign relations provided by the articles linked in parentheses   UN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations) (Member states of the United Nations) member states  and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers#Non-member_observers) (United Nations General Assembly observers) observer states   Partially unrecognised (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) China (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China) (Foreign relations of China) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus) (Cyprus) Cyprus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus) (Foreign relations of Cyprus) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel) (International recognition of Israel) recognition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel) (Foreign relations of Israel) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea) (North Korea) North Korea (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea) (Foreign relations of North Korea) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) (Palestine) Palestine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Palestine) (International recognition of Palestine) recognition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Palestine) (Foreign relations of Palestine) relations             UN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations) (List of specialized agencies of the United Nations) specialized agency members   Partially unrecognised (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands) (Cook Islands) Cook Islands (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Cook_Islands) (Foreign relations of the Cook Islands) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo) (Kosovo) Kosovo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo) (International recognition of Kosovo) recognition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo) (Foreign relations of Kosovo) relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_of_Kosovo_in_international_organizations) (Membership of Kosovo in international organizations) membership    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue) (Niue) Niue (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Niue) (Foreign relations of Niue) relations             Non-UN member states   Recognised by at least one UN member  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia) (Abkhazia) Abkhazia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia) (International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia) recognition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Abkhazia) (Foreign relations of Abkhazia) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Northern_Cyprus) (Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus) relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_of_Northern_Cyprus_in_international_organizations) (Membership of Northern Cyprus in international organizations) membership    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic) (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic) (International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) recognition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic) (Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland) (Somaliland) Somaliland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Somaliland) (International recognition of Somaliland) recognition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somaliland) (Foreign relations of Somaliland) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia) (South Ossetia) South Ossetia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia) (International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia) recognition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Ossetia) (Foreign relations of South Ossetia) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Taiwan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Taiwan) (International recognition of Taiwan) recognition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan) (Foreign relations of Taiwan) relations        Recognised only by non-UN members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria) (Transnistria) Transnistria (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Transnistria) (Foreign relations of Transnistria) relations                (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Province-level_divisions_of_China) (Template:Province-level divisions of China) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Province-level_divisions_of_China) (Template talk:Province-level divisions of China) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Province-level_divisions_of_China) (Special:EditPage/Template:Province-level divisions of China) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province-level_divisions_of_China) (Province-level divisions of China) Provincial-level divisions of China    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_China) (Provinces of China) Provinces  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui) (Anhui) Anhui  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian) (Fujian) Fujian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansu) (Gansu) Gansu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong) (Guangdong) Guangdong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou) (Guizhou) Guizhou  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan) (Hainan) Hainan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei) (Hebei) Hebei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilongjiang) (Heilongjiang) Heilongjiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan) (Henan) Henan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei) (Hubei) Hubei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan) (Hunan) Hunan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu) (Jiangsu) Jiangsu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxi) (Jiangxi) Jiangxi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilin) (Jilin) Jilin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning) (Liaoning) Liaoning  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai) (Qinghai) Qinghai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi) (Shaanxi) Shaanxi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong) (Shandong) Shandong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi) (Shanxi) Shanxi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan) (Sichuan) Sichuan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan) (Yunnan) Yunnan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang) (Zhejiang) Zhejiang    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan) (Political status of Taiwan) Disputed  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People's_Republic_of_China) (Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China) Taiwan 1           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_blank_province_map.svg)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China) (Autonomous regions of China) Autonomous regions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi) (Guangxi) Guangxi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia) (Inner Mongolia) Inner Mongolia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningxia) (Ningxia) Ningxia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region) (Tibet Autonomous Region) Tibet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang) (Xinjiang) Xinjiang      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-administered_municipality) (Direct-administered municipality) Direct-administered municipalities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing) (Beijing) Beijing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing) (Chongqing) Chongqing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai) (Shanghai) Shanghai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin) (Tianjin) Tianjin      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China) (Special administrative regions of China) Special administrative regions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) (Hong Kong) Hong Kong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau) (Macau) Macau      1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Free area of the Republic of China) Taiwan is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People's_Republic_of_China) (Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China) claimed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) People's Republic of China but administered by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Republic of China (see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan) (Political status of Taiwan) political status of Taiwan ).            (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control) (Help:Authority control) Authority control databases (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148#identifiers) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)       International (https://viaf.org/viaf/132441531) VIAF   (China) (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4009937-4) GND    (https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206073) FAST   (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdCqh8h6hJY7PT6MQW4bd) WorldCat       National (China) (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79091151) United States    (Vedette RAMEAU) (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963283w) France    (Vedette RAMEAU) (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963283w) BnF data    (中国) (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573772) Japan    (Cina) (https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV058306) Italy    (Čína) (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131732&CON_LNG=ENG) Czech Republic    (https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX4575410) Spain   (http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/402048) Portugal   (https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000040380&P_CON_LNG=ENG) Latvia   (https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000029945) Argentina   (중국(국명)) (https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998000658) Korea    (https://libris.kb.se/khwzxm2321g72mt) Sweden   (https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/8546) Vatican   (https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987012969512605171) Israel   (https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512034406706) Catalonia       Geographic (https://musicbrainz.org/area/7c81bb69-a99b-3487-b6d4-0f76d7a29ca0) MusicBrainz area       Academics (中華民国) (https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03321838?l=en) CiNii    (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5166-1365) ORCID       Artists (http://kulturnav.org/5d8675f2-cae6-4b51-bbd5-25dd681c1244) KulturNav       People (https://id.parliament.uk/BdNzWvBV) UK Parliament       Other (Chine) (https://www.idref.fr/027633179) IdRef   (Chine) (https://www.idref.fr/026488035) 2      (https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4474964A?mode=all) Open Library   (https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003405) Historical Dictionary of Switzerland   (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035686) NARA   (https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61s1gf2) SNAC   (http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=6650) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine   (https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/513b5829-e84f-456d-be30-0d7dd4941b3a) Yale LUX          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=China&params=35_N_103_E_type:country) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 35°N 103°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 35°N 103°E  / 35; 103     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)    (./Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata)   (./Category:China#%20)  (./Category:Atheist_states)  (./Category:Communist_states)  (./Category:One-party_states)  (./Category:Republics)  (./Category:BRICS_nations)  (./Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Chinese_is_an_official_language)  (./Category:Countries_in_Asia)  (./Category:Cradle_of_civilization)  (./Category:Countries_in_East_Asia)  (./Category:G20_members)  (./Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations)  (./Category:Countries_in_Northeast_Asia)  (./Category:States_with_limited_recognition)  (./Category:Articles_containing_video_clips)     ()  Retrieved from "(https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China&oldid=1371346494) https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China&oldid=1371346494 "  (/wiki/Help:Category) (Help:Category) Categories : (/wiki/Category:China) (Category:China) China  (/wiki/Category:Atheist_states) (Category:Atheist states) Atheist states  (/wiki/Category:Communist_states) (Category:Communist states) Communist states  (/wiki/Category:One-party_states) (Category:One-party states) One-party states  (/wiki/Category:Republics) (Category:Republics) Republics  (/wiki/Category:BRICS_nations) (Category:BRICS nations) BRICS nations  (/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Chinese_is_an_official_language) (Category:Countries and territories where Chinese is an official language) Countries and territories where Chinese is an official language  (/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Asia) (Category:Countries in Asia) Countries in Asia  (/wiki/Category:Cradle_of_civilization) (Category:Cradle of civilization) Cradle of civilization 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