Iran - Wikipedia (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediaBadges.ulsV2%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.skinning.content.parsoid%7Cmediawiki.skins.legacy%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (//upload.wikimedia.org) (/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (//meta.wikimedia.org)  (auth.wikimedia.org)   Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Iran) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Iran) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Top)   1 Etymology     2 History    Toggle History subsection  2.1 Prehistory     2.2 Antiquity   2.2.1 Achaemenid Empire     2.2.2 Parthian and Sasanian empires       2.3 Medieval period   2.3.1 Early Islamic rule and regional resistance in Iran     2.3.2 The Abbasid revolution and Iranian Renaissance     2.3.3 Islamization and Persianization     2.3.4 Mongol invasions     2.3.5 Timur and the rise of new powers       2.4 Early modern period   2.4.1 Nader Shah and the shifting balance of power     2.4.2 Rise of the Qajar dynasty and foreign interference       2.5 20th century up to the Iranian Revolution   2.5.1 Constitutional Revolution and the rise of the Pahlavi dynasty     2.5.2 World War II and post-occupation instability     2.5.3 Mosaddegh and the Shah's rule       2.6 Islamic Revolution   2.6.1 Khomeini era, Iran–Iraq War, and leadership transition     2.6.2 Khamenei era         3 Geography    Toggle Geography subsection  3.1 Climate     3.2 Biodiversity       4 Government and politics    Toggle Government and politics subsection  4.1 Supreme Leader     4.2 President     4.3 Guardian Council     4.4 Supreme National Security Council     4.5 Legislature     4.6 Law     4.7 Administrative divisions     4.8 Foreign relations     4.9 Military     4.10 Nuclear program     4.11 Regional influence     4.12 Censorship     4.13 Human rights       5 Economy    Toggle Economy subsection  5.1 Tourism     5.2 Agriculture and fishery     5.3 Industry and services     5.4 Energy     5.5 Science and technology   5.5.1 Iranian Space Agency       5.6 Telecommunication       6 Demographics    Toggle Demographics subsection  6.1 Ethnic groups     6.2 Languages     6.3 Religion     6.4 Education     6.5 Health       7 Culture    Toggle Culture subsection  7.1 Art     7.2 Architecture     7.3 World Heritage Sites     7.4 Weaving     7.5 Literature     7.6 Museums     7.7 Music and dance     7.8 Media     7.9 Cuisine     7.10 Sports       8 See also     9 References    Toggle References subsection  9.1 Notes     9.2 Citations       10 Bibliography    Toggle Bibliography subsection  10.1 Encyclopaedia Iranica      10.2 Books     10.3 Other sources       11 External links    Toggle External links subsection  11.1 Government     11.2 History     11.3 Tourism     11.4 Maps             (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Iran    295 languages  (https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0) (Џьамтәыла – Abkhazian) Аԥсшәа   (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Adyghe) Адыгабзэ   (featured article) (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8B%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5) (ፋርስ – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Amis) Pangcah   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n) (Irán – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persealand) (Persealand – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (ईरान – Angika) अंगिका   (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86) (إيران – Arabic) العربية   (https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%A2) (ܐܝܪܐܢ – Aramaic) ܐܪܡܝܐ   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86) (إيران – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86) (ايران – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8) (ইৰান – Assamese) অসমীয়া   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n) (Irán – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Avaric) Авар   (https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irana) (Irana – Kotava) Kotava   (https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (इरान – Awadhi) अवधी   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran) (İran – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86) (ایران – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (featured article) (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irans) (Irans – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Іран – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Іран – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Betawi) Betawi   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (ईरान – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Bislama) Bislama   (https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Banjar) Banjar   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8) (ইরান – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D) (ཡི་ལང་། – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8) (ইরান – Bishnupriya) বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Batak Mandailing) Batak Mandailing   (https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%91_(%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%9B%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%90)) (ᨕᨗᨑ (ᨄᨑᨛᨔᨗᨐ) – Buginese) Basa Ugi   (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Catalan) Català   (https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n) (Irán – Chavacano) Chavacano de Zamboanga   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Chechen) Нохчийн   (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%82) (ᎢᎴᏂ – Cherokee) ᏣᎳᎩ   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86) (ئێران – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranu) (Iranu – Corsican) Corsu   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran) (İran – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr%C3%A1n) (Írán – Czech) Čeština   (https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Kashubian) Kaszëbsczi   (https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A) (Иранъ – Church Slavic) Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Welsh) Cymraeg   (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Danish) Dansk   (https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Dagbani) Dagbanli   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – German) Deutsch   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran) (İran – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Central Dusun) Kadazandusun   (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (इरान – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A9%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0) (އީރާން – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD) (Ιράν – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A0n) (Iràn – Emiliano-Romagnolo) Emiliàn e rumagnòl   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irano) (Irano – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n) (Irán – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraan) (Iraan – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n) (Irán – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86) (ایران – Persian) فارسی   (https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Fula) Fulfulde   (good article) (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraan) (Iraan – Võro) Võro   (https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Fijian) Na Vosa Vakaviti   (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraan) (Iraan – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Iar%C3%A1in) (An Iaráin – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran) (İran – Gagauz) Gagauz   (https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97) (伊朗 – Gan) 贛語   (https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Guianan Creole) Kriyòl gwiyannen   (https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ior%C3%A0n) (Ioràn – Scottish Gaelic) Gàidhlig   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n) (Irán – Galician) Galego   (https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86) (ايران – Gilaki) گیلکی   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3) (ईराण – Goan Konkani) गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni   (https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD) (𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 – Gothic) 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺   (https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8) (ઈરાન – Gujarati) ગુજરાતી   (https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Eeraan) (Yn Eeraan – Manx) Gaelg   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIlana) (ʻIlana – Hawaiian) Hawaiʻi   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F) (איראן – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (ईरान – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n) (Irán – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6) (Իրան – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6) (Իրան – Western Armenian) Արեւմտահայերէն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Iban) Jaku Iban   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (ХӀиран – Ingush) ГӀалгӀай   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dran) (Íran – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://isv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Interslavic) Medžuslovjansky   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Italian) Italiano   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3) (イラン – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Jamaican Creole English) Patois   (https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/iran) (iran – Lojban) La .lojban.   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98) (ირანი – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%E1%B9%9Ban) (Iṛan – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kai.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Karekare) Karai-karai   (https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9) (Къажэрей – Kabardian) Адыгэбзэ   (https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%C9%A9) (Iranɩ – Kabiye) Kabɩyɛ   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Kongo) Kongo   (https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Komering) Kumoring   (https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Kikuyu) Gĩkũyũ   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B) (អ៊ីរ៉ង់ – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D) (ಇರಾನ್ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Central Kanuri) Yerwa Kanuri   (featured article) (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80) (이란 – Korean) 한국어   (https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Komi-Permyak) Перем коми   (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86) (ایٖران – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Colognian) Ripoarisch   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eran) (Îran – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Komi) Коми   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irania) (Irania – Latin) Latina   (https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Ladino) Ladino   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Lak) Лакку   (https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Lezghian) Лезги   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Ganda) Luganda   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Ladin) Ladin   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Lombard) Lombard   (https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Lingala) Lingála   (https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99) (ປະເທດອິຫຣ່ານ – Lao) ລາວ   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranas) (Iranas – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C4%81na) (Irāna – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Madurese) Madhurâ   (https://mag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (इरान – Magahi) मगही   (https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (इरान – Maithili) मैथिली   (https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Banyumasan) Basa Banyumasan   (https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Moksha) Мокшень   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A0na) (Iràna – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Eastern Mari) Олык марий   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAr%C4%81na) (Īrāna – Māori) Māori   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB) (ഇറാൻ – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F) (ꯏꯔꯥꯟ – Manipuri) ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3) (इराण – Marathi) मराठी   (https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Western Mari) Кырык мары   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Maltese) Malti   (https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiran) (Eiran – Mirandese) Mirandés   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (အီရန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80) (Иран Мастор – Erzya) Эрзянь   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86) (ایرون – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Neapolitan) Napulitano   (https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Low Saxon) Nedersaksies   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (इरान – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (इरान – Newari) नेपाल भाषा   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Novial) Novial   (https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8C%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AB) (ߌߙߊ߲߫ – N’Ko) ߒߞߏ   (https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Northern Sotho) Sesotho sa Leboa   (https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiik%CA%BCi_D%C3%A9%C3%ADbaal%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah) (Tsiikʼi Déíbaalí Bikéyah – Navajo) Diné bizaad   (https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Nyanja) Chi-Chewa   (featured article) (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Occitan) Occitan   (https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Livvi-Karelian) Livvinkarjala   (https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraan) (Iraan – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8) (ଇରାନ – Odia) ଓଡ଼ିଆ   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8) (ਈਰਾਨ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Pangasinan) Pangasinan   (https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Pampanga) Kapampangan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Picard) Picard   (https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraen) (Iraen – Pennsylvania German) Deitsch   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86) (ایران – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86) (ايران – Pashto) پښتو   (featured article) (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A3) (Irã – Portuguese) Português   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Romansh) Rumantsch   (https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irani) (Irani – Rundi) Ikirundi   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Romanian) Română   (https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Aromanian) Armãneashti   (https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Tarantino) Tarandíne   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Russian) Русский   (https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Іран – Rusyn) Русиньскый   (https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irani) (Irani – Kinyarwanda) Ikinyarwanda   (https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8) (पारस – Sanskrit) संस्कृतम्   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Ираан – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1) (ᱤᱨᱟᱱ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86) (ايران – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Sango) Sängö   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Tachelhit) Taclḥit   (https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8) (မိူင်းဢီႇရၢၼ်း – Shan) တႆး   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA) (ඉරානය – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n) (Irán – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86) (ایران – Saraiki) سرائیکی   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Samoan) Gagana Samoa   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irani) (Irani – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iiraan) (Iiraan – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irani) (Irani – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Sranan Tongo) Sranantongo   (https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Irani) (I-Irani – Swati) SiSwati   (https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Southern Sotho) Sesotho   (https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroan) (Iroan – Saterland Frisian) Seeltersk   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irani) (Irani – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%81%EA%A0%9E%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%98) (ꠁꠞꠣꠘ – Sylheti) ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Sakizaya) Sakizaya   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D) (ஈரான் – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Atayal) Tayal   (https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D) (ಇರಾನ್ – Tulu) ತುಳು   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D) (ఇరాన్ – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraun) (Iraun – Tetum) Tetun   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD) (Эрон – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99) (ประเทศอิหร่าน – Thai) ไทย   (https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%95) (ኢራን – Tigrinya) ትግርኛ   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%BDran) (Eýran – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron) (Iron – Talysh) Tolışi   (https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIlaani) (ʻIlaani – Tongan) Lea faka-Tonga   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma_Ilan) (ma Ilan – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Tok Pisin) Tok Pisin   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran) (İran – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Taroko) Seediq   (https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Tsonga) Xitsonga   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Tumbuka) ChiTumbuka   (https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Twi) Twi   (https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Tuvinian) Тыва дыл   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Иран – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86) (ئىران – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Іран – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86) (ایران – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eron) (Eron – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Veps) Vepsän kel’   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lir%C3%A4n) (Lirän – Volapük) Volapük   (https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Walloon) Walon   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Waray) Winaray   (https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraan) (Iraan – Wolof) Wolof   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97) (伊朗 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIran) (IIran – Xhosa) IsiXhosa   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98) (ირანი – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F) (איראן – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cr%C3%A1n%C3%AC) (Ìránì – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Zeelandic) Zeêuws   (https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F) (ⵉⵔⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97) (伊朗 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97) (伊朗 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97) (伊朗 – Chinese) 中文   (https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Irani) (I-Irani – Zulu) IsiZulu    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q794#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (/wiki/Iran) (View the content page [c]) Article   (/wiki/Talk:Iran) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English         (/wiki/Iran) Read   (/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit) (This page is protected.
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You can view its source [e])  View source   (/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Iran) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Iran) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (/w/index.php?title=Iran&oldid=1371179903) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Iran&id=1371179903&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIran) Get shortened URL   (/w/index.php?title=Iran&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Iran&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (/w/index.php?title=Iran&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://abstract.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q794) Abstract Wikipedia   (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Iran) Wikinews   (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Iran) Wikiquote   (https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Iran) Wikiversity   (recommended article) (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Iran) Wikivoyage   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q794) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) (Geographic coordinate system) Coordinates : (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iran&params=32_N_53_E_dim:1000km_type:country_region:IR) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 32°N 53°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 32°N 53°E  / 32; 53     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi) (This article is semi-protected.) (Page semi-protected)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Country in West Asia (./Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (./Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)    This article is about the country. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_(disambiguation)) (Iran (disambiguation)) Iran (disambiguation) . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   "Persia" redirects here. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia_(disambiguation)) (Persia (disambiguation)) Persia (disambiguation) .   (./Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages#Iran)  (./Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages#Iran)    (./Category:Use_American_English_from_July_2026)  (./Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English)   (./Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2026)    Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian-language text) (Nastaliq) جمهوری اسلامی ایران   (./Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text)   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language) (Persian language) Persian )  (Persian-language romanization) Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iran_(official).svg) (Flag of Iran) (Flag of Iran)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Iran) (Flag of Iran) Flag   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Iran.svg) (Emblem of Iran) (Emblem of Iran)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Iran) (Emblem of Iran) Emblem      Motto:  (Arabic-language text) اَللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ  (./Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)   (Arabic-language romanization) Allāhu ʾAkbar  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takbir) (Takbir) Takbir  ) "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam) (God in Islam) God is the Greatest" ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure) (De jure) de jure  ) (Persian-language text) استقلال، آزادی، جمهوری اسلامی  (./Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text)   (Persian-language romanization) Esteghlâl, Âzâdi, Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi   "Independence, freedom, the Islamic Republic" ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto) (De facto) de facto  )[ 1]         Anthem:  (Persian-language text) سرود ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران  (./Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text)   (Persian-language romanization) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran) (National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran) Sorud-e Melli-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân    "National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran"    (العربية ‪(ar)‬)  (English ‪(en)‬)  (فارسی ‪(fa)‬)  (हिन्दी ‪(hi)‬)  (Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬)  (日本語 ‪(ja)‬)  (Kumoring ‪(kge)‬)  (한국어 ‪(ko)‬)  (norsk bokmål ‪(nb)‬)  (português ‪(pt)‬)  (română ‪(ro)‬)  (tojikī ‪(tg-latn)‬)  (тоҷикӣ ‪(tg)‬)  (Türkçe ‪(tr)‬)  (اردو ‪(ur)‬)  (Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬)  (中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬)  (中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬)        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iran_(orthographic_projection).svg)    Show globe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iran_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_IRN_-_UNOCHA.svg)    Show map of Iran     Capitaland largest city  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran) (Tehran) Tehran  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iran&params=35_41_N_51_25_E_type:city) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 35°41′N 51°25′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 35.683°N 51.417°E  / 35.683; 51.417     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Official languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language) (Persian language) Persian   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group) (Ethnic group) Ethnic groups (2025)[ 2]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   61% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians) (Persians) Persians [ a]     16% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis) (Iranian Azerbaijanis) Azerbaijanis  10% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Kurds) (Iranian Kurds) Kurds  6% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurs) (Lurs) Lurs  2% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Arabs) (Iranian Arabs) Arabs  2% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people_in_Iran) (Baloch people in Iran) Baloch  2% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens) (Iranian Turkmens) Turkmen and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicities_in_Iran#Turkic_peoples) (Ethnicities in Iran) Turkic tribes 1% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicities_in_Iran) (Ethnicities in Iran) others      Religion (2026)[ 3]       99.4% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Iran) (Islam in Iran) Islam 90–95% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam) (Shia Islam) Shia ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion) (State religion) official ) 5–10% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam) (Sunni Islam) Sunni    0.6% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Iran) (Religion in Iran) other (incl. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran) (Christianity in Iran) Christians , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran) (Zoroastrianism in Iran) Zoroastrians , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_in_Iran) (Judaism in Iran) Jews )     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) Demonym  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran) (Demographics of Iran) Iranian   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Iran) (Politics of Iran) Government  Unitary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system) (Presidential system) presidential [ b]    theocratic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_republic) (Islamic republic) Islamic republic under an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism) (Authoritarianism) authoritarian dictatorship[ 4]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran) (Supreme Leader of Iran) Supreme Leader   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojtaba_Khamenei) (Mojtaba Khamenei) Mojtaba Khamenei   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Iran) (President of Iran) President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian) (Masoud Pezeshkian) Masoud Pezeshkian   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iran) (Vice President of Iran) First Vice President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Aref) (Mohammad Reza Aref) Mohammad Reza Aref   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Iran) (List of speakers of the Parliament of Iran) Speaker of the Assembly   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Bagher_Ghalibaf) (Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf) Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Iran) (Chief Justice of Iran) Chief Justice   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Mohseni-Eje'i) (Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i) Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i     Legislature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly) (Islamic Consultative Assembly) Islamic Consultative Assembly   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran) (History of Iran) Formation   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_kingdom) (Median kingdom) Median kingdom   (circa) c.  678 BC   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire) (Achaemenid Empire) Achaemenid Empire   550 BC  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire) (Parthian Empire) Parthian Empire   247 BC  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire) (Sasanian Empire) Sasanian Empire   224 AD  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Intermezzo) (Iranian Intermezzo) Iranian Intermezzo   821  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran) (Safavid Iran) Safavid Iran   22 December 1501  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_Iran) (Afsharid Iran) Afsharid Iran   22 January 1736  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_Iran) (Zand Iran) Zand Iran   1751  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_Iran) (Qajar Iran) Qajar Iran   20 March 1794  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution) (Persian Constitutional Revolution) Constitutional Revolution   12 December 1905  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran) (Pahlavi Iran) Pahlavi Iran   15 December 1925  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) (Iranian Revolution) Iranian Revolution   11 February 1979  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum) (1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum) Islamic Republic established   1 April 1979  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran) (Constitution of Iran) Current constitution   3 December 1979  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Iranian_constitutional_referendum) (1989 Iranian constitutional referendum) Constitutional amendment   28 July 1989    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Iran) (Geography of Iran) Area    • Total  1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 17th )  • Water (%)  1.63 (as of 2015)[ 5]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran) (Demographics of Iran) Population   • 2025 estimate  (Neutral increase) (Neutral increase)    92,417,681[ 6]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 17th )  • Density  52/km2 (134.7/sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density) (List of countries and dependencies by population density) 163rd )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP )  2026 estimate  • Total  (Decrease) (Decrease)    $1.783 trillion[ 7]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 26th )  • Per capita  (Decrease) (Decrease)    $20,279[ 7]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) 98th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (nominal)  2026 estimate  • Total  (Decrease) (Decrease)    $300.293 billion[ 7]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 51st )  • Per capita  (Decrease) (Decrease)    $3,415[ 7]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) 139th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (Gini coefficient) Gini  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Negative increase) (Negative increase)     35.9[ 8]     medium inequality    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) HDI  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Increase) (Increase)     0.799[ 9]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  high   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) 75th )  Currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_rial) (Iranian rial) Iranian rial ((Nastaliq) (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ریال#Persian) (wikt:ریال) ریال   ) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217) (ISO 4217) IRR )  Time zone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC +3:30 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Standard_Time) (Iran Standard Time) IRST )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Iran) (Telephone numbers in Iran) Calling code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/+98) (+98) +98   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166) (ISO 3166) ISO 3166 code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IR) (ISO 3166-2:IR) IR   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) (Country code top-level domain) Internet TLD  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ir) (.ir) .ir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ir) (.ir) ایران.        (./Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters#TIran)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   ()     You may need (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Arabic) (Help:Arabic) rendering support to display the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_alphabet) (Persian alphabet) Persian text in this article correctly.   (./Category:Pages_using_contains_special_characters_for_widely_supported_languages)   Iran ,[ c]    officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ,[ d]    and historically known as Persia ,[ e]    is a country in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asia) (West Asia) West Asia . It borders (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq to the west, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia) (Armenia) Armenia to the northwest, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea) (Caspian Sea) Caspian Sea to the north, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan to the northeast, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan to the east, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan to the southeast, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman) (Gulf of Oman) Gulf of Oman and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf) (Persian Gulf) Persian Gulf to the south. With a population of over 92 million, Iran ranks 17th globally in both (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) geographic size and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) population . It is divided into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Iran) (Regions of Iran) five regions with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran) (Provinces of Iran) 31 provinces . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran) (Tehran) Tehran is the nation's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitals_of_Iran) (Capitals of Iran) capital and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province) (List of cities in Iran by province) largest city and serves as its primary economic center. Home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, the territory of present-day Iran was first unified under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes) (Medes) Medes in the 7th century BC and reached its territorial height in the 6th century BC, when (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great) (Cyrus the Great) Cyrus the Great founded the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire) (Achaemenid Empire) Achaemenid Empire . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great) (Alexander the Great) Alexander the Great conquered the empire in the 4th century BC.[ 11]    An Iranian rebellion in the 3rd century BC established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire) (Parthian Empire) Parthian Empire , which later liberated the country. In the 3rd century AD, the Parthians were succeeded by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire) (Sasanian Empire) Sasanian Empire , which oversaw a golden age in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran) (History of Iran) history of Iranian civilization . Ancient Iran saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanization, religion, and administration. Once a center for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism) (Zoroastrianism) Zoroastrianism , Iran underwent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran) (Islamization of Iran) Islamization following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia) (Muslim conquest of Persia) 7th century Muslim conquest . Innovations in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_literature) (Persian literature) literature , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy) (Iranian philosophy) philosophy , mathematics, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_medicine) (Ancient Iranian medicine) medicine , astronomy and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_art) (Persian art) art were renewed during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age) (Islamic Golden Age) Islamic Golden Age and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Intermezzo) (Iranian Intermezzo) Iranian Intermezzo , a period during which (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Iran#Iranian_Intermezzo_(821–1090)) (List of monarchs of Iran) Iranian Muslim dynasties ended Arab rule and revived the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language) (Persian language) Persian language . This era was followed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire) (Seljuk Empire) Seljuk and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire) (Khwarazmian Empire) Khwarazmian rule, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia) (Mongol conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia) Mongol conquests and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_Renaissance) (Timurid Renaissance) Timurid Renaissance from the 11th to 14th centuries. In the 16th century, the native (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran) (Safavid Iran) Safavid dynasty re-established a unified Iranian state with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi'ism) (Twelver Shi'ism) Twelver Shia Islam as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion) (State religion) official religion , laying the framework for the modern state of Iran. During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_Iran) (Afsharid Iran) Afsharid Empire in the 18th century, Iran was a leading world power, but it lost this status after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_Iran) (Qajar Iran) Qajars took power in the 1790s. The early 20th century saw the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution) (Persian Constitutional Revolution) Persian Constitutional Revolution and the establishment of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty) (Pahlavi dynasty) Pahlavi dynasty by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Shah) (Reza Shah) Reza Shah , who ousted the last Qajar Shah in 1925. Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran) (Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran) Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in 1941 , his son (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi) (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi rose to power. Attempts by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh) (Mohammad Mosaddegh) Mohammad Mosaddegh to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry) (Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry) nationalize the oil industry led to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d'état) (1953 Iranian coup d'état) Anglo-American coup in 1953 .  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) (Iranian Revolution) Iranian Revolution in 1979 overthrew the monarchy, and the Islamic Republic of Iran was established by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini) (Ruhollah Khomeini) Ruhollah Khomeini , the country's first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran) (Supreme Leader of Iran) supreme leader . In 1980, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Iran) (Iraqi invasion of Iran) Iraq invaded Iran , sparking the eight-year-long (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Iraq_War) (Iran–Iraq War) Iran–Iraq War . Iran has since been involved in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_war) (Proxy war) proxy wars with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Israel_proxy_conflict) (Iran–Israel proxy conflict) Israel and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_war) (Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war) Saudi Arabia ; in 2025, Israeli strikes on Iran escalated tensions into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-Day_War) (Twelve-Day War) Twelve-Day War . Following the war and amid a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_economic_crisis) (Iranian economic crisis) growing economic crisis , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025–2026_Iranian_protests) (2025–2026 Iranian protests) largest protests since 1979 erupted in 2025. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel launched a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Iran_war) (2026 Iran war) war with Iran in 2026, after they (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Ali_Khamenei) (Assassination of Ali Khamenei) assassinated supreme leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei) (Ali Khamenei) Ali Khamenei . His son, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojtaba_Khamenei) (Mojtaba Khamenei) Mojtaba Khamenei , was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Iranian_supreme_leader_election) (2026 Iranian supreme leader election) elected as his successor.  Iran's government is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy#Islamic_theocracies) (Theocracy) theocratic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_republic) (Islamic republic) Islamic republic governed by elected and unelected institutions, with ultimate authority vested in the supreme leader. While (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Iran) (Elections in Iran) it holds elections , key offices, including the head of state and military, are not subject to public vote. The Iranian government is an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism) (Authoritarianism) authoritarian regime which has been widely criticized internationally due to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran) (Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran) poor human rights record , including restrictions on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly) (Freedom of assembly) freedom of assembly , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression_in_Iran) (Freedom of expression in Iran) expression , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Iran) (Media of Iran) press , as well as its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_rights_in_Iran) (Women's rights in Iran) treatment of women , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Iran) (Ethnic minorities in Iran) ethnic minorities , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Iran) (Political prisoners in Iran) political dissidents . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Iran) (Economy of Iran) Iranian economy is centrally planned with significant state ownership in key sectors. It is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_power) (Regional power) regional power , due to its large reserves of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel) (Fossil fuel) fossil fuels , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Iran) (Natural gas in Iran) natural gas supply and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves) (List of countries by proven oil reserves) oil reserves , its geopolitically significant location, and its role as the world's focal point of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam) (Shia Islam) Shia Islam .[ 12]    Iran is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_latency) (Nuclear latency) threshold state with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran) (Nuclear program of Iran) one of the most scrutinized nuclear programs .[ 13]    [ 14]    It is a founding member of the UN and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran) (Foreign relations of Iran) a member state of numerous international organizations . Iran has 30 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran) (List of World Heritage Sites in Iran) UNESCO World Heritage Sites (the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country) (World Heritage Sites by country) 10th-highest in the world ) and ranks 4th in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage) (Intangible cultural heritage) intangible cultural heritage or human treasures.   Etymology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   This section is an excerpt from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Iran) (Name of Iran) Name of Iran .[ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Name_of_Iran&action=edit) edit ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Persia_with_part_of_the_Ottoman_Empire,_1872.jpg)   A map of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asia) (West Asia) West Asia in 1872, with "Iran or Persia", ruled by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty) (Qajar dynasty) Qajar dynasty , shaded in pink.  Historically, Iran was commonly referred to as "Persia" in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world) (Western world) Western world .[ 15]    Likewise, the modern-day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnonym) (Ethnonym) ethnonym "Persian" was typically used as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) demonym for all Iranian nationals, regardless of whether or not they were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians) (Persians) ethnic Persians . This terminology prevailed until 1935, when, during an international gathering for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz) (Nowruz) Nowruz , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah) (Shah) Shah of Iran, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Shah) (Reza Shah) Reza Shah Pahlavi officially requested that foreign delegates begin using the endonym (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_(word)) (Iran (word)) "Iran" in formal correspondence. Subsequently, "Iran" and "Iranian" were standardised as the terms referring to the country and its citizens, respectively.[ 16]     In 1959, the last Iranian Shah, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi) (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , announced that it was appropriate to use both "Persia" and "Iran" in formal correspondence.[ 16]     A variety of scholars from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages) (Middle Ages) Middle Ages , such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazm) (Khwarazm) Khwarazmian polymath (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biruni) (Al-Biruni) Al-Biruni , also used terms like "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuniras) (Xuniras) Xuniras " ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestan_language) (Avestan language) Avestan : Xvaniraθa- , (translation) transl.  "self-made, not resting on anything else" ) to refer to Iran: "which is the center of the world, [...] and it is the one wherein we are, and the kings called it the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_realm) (Iranian realm) Iranian realm ."[ 17]     (./Category:Articles_with_excerpts)     History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran) (History of Iran) History of Iran  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   For a chronological guide, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Iranian_history) (Timeline of Iranian history) Timeline of Iranian history . Prehistory  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran) (Prehistory of Iran) Prehistory of Iran  The earliest known presence of hominins in Iran dates to around 800,000 years ago, in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic) (Middle Paleolithic) Middle Paleolithic .[ 18]    Many Middle Paleolithic sites have been discovered, mainly in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_Mountains) (Zagros Mountains) Zagros Mountains in western Iran and some sites associated with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal) (Neanderthal) Neanderthals .[ 19]    [ 20]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarzian_culture) (Zarzian culture) Zarzian culture is documented in Iran during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipaleolithic) (Epipaleolithic) Epipaleolithic (25,000–11,500 years ago).[ 21]    Agriculture first appeared in Iran some 12,000 years ago alongside better-documented settlements in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertile_Crescent) (Fertile Crescent) Fertile Crescent . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chogha_Golan) (Chogha Golan) Chogha Golan site featured early domestication of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmer) (Emmer) emmer wheat.[ 22]    The contemporary site of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganj_Dareh) (Ganj Dareh) Ganj Dareh also features the earliest known domestication of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat) (Goat) goats around 10,000 years ago.[ 23]     The ancient city of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa) (Susa) Susa , which would become the capital of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam) (Elam) Elam and later a capital city of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_empire) (Achaemenid empire) Achaemenid empire , was first settled in 4400–4200 BC, adjacent to the modern site of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shush,_Iran) (Shush, Iran) Shush, Iran .[ 24]    (Page / location: 46–47) :  46–47   [ 25]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura–Araxes_culture) (Kura–Araxes culture) Kura–Araxes culture ((circa) c.  3400  – c.  2000 BC ) existed in northwestern Iran and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus) (Caucasus) Caucasus .[ 26]      Antiquity  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes) (Medes) Medes and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranians) (Indo-Iranians) Indo-Iranians  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Choqa_Zanbil_Darafsh_1_(36).JPG)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil) (Chogha Zanbil) Chogha Zanbil is one of the few extant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggurat) (Ziggurat) ziggurats outside of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia) (Mesopotamia) Mesopotamia and considered the best-preserved example in the world.  Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 4000 BC, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiroft_culture) (Jiroft culture) Jiroft culture in southeastern Iran.[ 27]    Inscriptions in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script) (Proto-Elamite script) Proto-Elamite script , which predates (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform) (Cuneiform) cuneiform , have been found from the early third millennium BC.[ 28]    [ 29]    The western part of the Iranian plateau participated in the traditional (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Near_East) (Ancient Near East) ancient Near East with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam) (Elam) Elam (3200–539 BC), and later with other peoples such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites) (Kassites) Kassites , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannaea) (Mannaea) Mannaeans , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutians) (Gutians) Gutians . The earliest Iranian peoples began to arrive from Central Asia in the 2nd millennium BC.[ 30]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_dynasty#Genealogy) (Median dynasty) Median dynasty ruled the earliest Iranian state.[ 31]    [ 32]    [ 33]    In 612 BC, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyaxares) (Cyaxares) Cyaxares and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia) (Babylonia) Babylonian king (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabopolassar) (Nabopolassar) Nabopolassar invaded (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria) (Assyria) Assyria and destroyed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh) (Nineveh) Nineveh , the Assyrian capital, which led to the fall of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire) (Neo-Assyrian Empire) Neo-Assyrian Empire .[ 34]    The Medes later conquered and dissolved (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu) (Urartu) Urartu as well.[ 35]    [ 36]    [ 37]     Achaemenid Empire  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire) (Achaemenid Empire) Achaemenid Empire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Empire_at_its_greatest_extent_according_to_Oxford_Atlas_of_World_History_2002.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire) (Achaemenid Empire) Achaemenid Empire , or the First Persian Empire, at its greatest extent  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty) (Achaemenid dynasty) Achaemenids united all (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians) (Persians) Persian tribes under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambyses_I) (Cambyses I) Cambyses I . Under his son, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great) (Cyrus the Great) Cyrus the Great , the Achaemenids defeated the Medes and established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire) (Achaemenid Empire) Achaemenid Empire ,[ 38]    the largest-ever Iranian state.[ 37]    Cyrus conquered the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia) (Lydia) Lydian and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire) (Neo-Babylonian Empire) Neo-Babylonian empires, creating an empire far larger than Assyria. His son, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambyses_II) (Cambyses II) Cambyses II ((reigned) r.   530–522 BC), conquered the last major power of the region, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) (Ancient Egypt) ancient Egypt , causing the collapse of its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt) (Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt) twenty-sixth dynasty . After the death of Cambyses II, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Great) (Darius the Great) Darius the Great ((reigned) r.   522–486 BC) ascended the throne by overthrowing the Achaemenid monarch (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardiya) (Bardiya) Bardiya . Darius' first capital was at Susa, and he started the building program at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persepolis) (Persepolis) Persepolis . He improved the extensive road system, and during his reign the first recorded mentions are made of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Road) (Royal Road) Royal Road , a highway from Susa to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis) (Sardis) Sardis .[ 39]     In 499 BC, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Athens) (Classical Athens) Athens supported a revolt in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus) (Miletus) Miletus , resulting in the sacking of Sardis. This led to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars) (Greco-Persian Wars) Greco-Persian Wars , which lasted the first half of the 5th century BC. In the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Persian_invasion_of_Greece) (First Persian invasion of Greece) First Persian invasion of Greece , Persian general (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardonius_(general)) (Mardonius (general)) Mardonius re-subjugated Thrace and made Macedon a full part of Persia.[ 40]    Darius' successor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I) (Xerxes I) Xerxes I ((reigned) r.   486–465) launched the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece) (Second Persian invasion of Greece) Second Persian invasion of Greece . At a crucial moment in the war, about half of mainland Greece was overrun by the Persians, including territories to the north of the Isthmus of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Corinth) (Ancient Corinth) Corinth .[ 41]    [ 42]    This was reversed by a Greek victory following the battles of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea) (Battle of Plataea) Plataea and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis) (Battle of Salamis) Salamis , during which Persia lost all of its footholds in Europe, and withdrew from it.[ 43]     The empire entered a period of decline. From 334 BC to 331 BC, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great) (Alexander the Great) Alexander the Great defeated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III) (Darius III) Darius III ((reigned) r.   336–330 BC) in the battles of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus) (Battle of the Granicus) Granicus , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Issus) (Battle of Issus) Issus and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela) (Battle of Gaugamela) Gaugamela , swiftly conquering the Achaemanid Empire by 331 BC. Alexander's empire collapsed after his death; his general, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator) (Seleucus I Nicator) Seleucus I Nicator , tried to take control of Iran, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia) (Mesopotamia) Mesopotamia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia) (Anatolia) Anatolia . His empire was the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire) (Seleucid Empire) Seleucid Empire .  Parthian and Sasanian empires  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire) (Parthian Empire) Parthian Empire and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire) (Sasanian Empire) Sasanian Empire  The Arsacids of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthia) (Parthia) Parthia ,[ 44]    initially Seleucid vassals,[ 45]    originated as leaders of the Iranian[ f]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parni) (Parni) Parni tribe in the northeastern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe) (Steppe) steppes .[ 48]    The Parthians gradually (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid–Parthian_Wars) (Seleucid–Parthian Wars) challenged Seleucid rule over Iran, eventually securing control through the 142 BC conquest of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia) (Babylonia) Babylonia .[ 44]    [ 49]    Although fighting continued, the death of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes) (Antiochus VII Sidetes) Antiochus VII Sidetes in 129 BC marked the collapse of the Seleucid Empire,[ 49]    which then lingered on as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump_state) (Rump state) rump state in Syria until conquered by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire) (Roman Empire) Roman Empire in the 60s BC.[ 44]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Sasanian_Empire_at_its_apex_under_Khosrow_II.svg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire) (Sasanian Empire) Sasanian Empire at its greatest extent (circa) c.  620 , under the reign of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrow_II) (Khosrow II) Khosrow II   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire) (Parthian Empire) Parthian Empire endured for five centuries, but civil wars destabilized it. Parthian power evaporated when (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardashir_I) (Ardashir I) Ardashir I revolted against the Arsacids and killed their last ruler, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia) (Artabanus IV of Parthia) Artabanus IV , in 224 AD. Ardashir established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire) (Sasanian Empire) Sasanian Empire , which ruled Iran and much of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East) (Near East) Near East .[ 50]    At their zenith, the Sasanians controlled all of modern-day Iran and Iraq and parts of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia) (Pre-Islamic Arabia) Arabian Peninsula , as well as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus) (Caucasus) Caucasus , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant) (Levant) Levant , and parts of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia) (Central Asia) Central and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia) (South Asia) South Asia .[ 51]     The strong economic conditions left by Parthians allowed the Sasanians to build a powerful and distinctive economic state whose reputation spread well beyond its political frontiers and time.[ 52]    The Sasanian Empire was characterized by a complex and centralized government bureaucracy and the revitalization of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism) (Zoroastrianism) Zoroastrianism as a legitimizing and unifying ideal.[ 53]       Medieval period  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Intermezzo) (Iranian Intermezzo) Iranian Intermezzo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty) (Tahirid dynasty) Tahirid dynasty , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty) (Saffarid dynasty) Saffarid dynasty , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty) (Ziyarid dynasty) Ziyarid dynasty , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanids) (Samanids) Samanids , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajid_dynasty) (Sajid dynasty) Sajid dynasty , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty) (Sallarid dynasty) Sallarid dynasty , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyasids) (Ilyasids) Ilyasids , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyid_dynasty) (Buyid dynasty) Buyid dynasty , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakuyids) (Kakuyids) Kakuyids , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire) (Seljuk Empire) Seljuk Empire , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire) (Khwarazmian Empire) Khwarazmian Empire , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate) (Ilkhanate) Ilkhanate  Most of the Sasanian Empire's lifespan was overshadowed by the frequent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine–Sasanian_wars) (Byzantine–Sasanian wars) Byzantine–Sasanian wars , a continuation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman–Parthian_Wars) (Roman–Parthian Wars) Roman–Parthian Wars . The last of these wars ultimately contributed to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Sasanian_Empire) (Fall of the Sasanian Empire) empire's fall , which culminated with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia) (Muslim conquest of Persia) Islamic conquest of Persia . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate) (Rashidun Caliphate) Rashidun Caliphate conquered the Sasanian Empire between 632 and 654. Over time, the majority of Iranians converted to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam . Most of the aspects of the previous Persian civilizations were not discarded, but rather absorbed by the new Islamic polity.[ 54]     Early Islamic rule and regional resistance in Iran  After the fall of the Sasanian Empire in 651, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs) (Arabs) Arabs of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate) (Umayyad Caliphate) Umayyad Caliphate adopted many Persian customs, especially the administrative and the court mannerisms. Arab provincial governors were undoubtedly either Persianized (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arameans) (Arameans) Arameans or ethnic Persians; certainly, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian_language) (Middle Persian language) Middle Persian remained the language of official business of the caliphate until the adoption of Arabic toward the end of the seventh century.[ 55]     However, Iran was still not entirely under Arab control; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylam) (Daylam) Daylam region was under the control of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylamites) (Daylamites) Daylamites , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaristan) (Tabaristan) Tabaristan was under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabuyid_dynasty) (Dabuyid dynasty) Dabuyid and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paduspanids) (Paduspanids) Paduspanid control, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Damavand) (Mount Damavand) Mount Damavand under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masmughans_of_Damavand) (Masmughans of Damavand) Masmughan control. Arabs had invaded these regions several times but the regions' inaccessible terrain prevented a decisive result. The most prominent ruler of the Dabuyids, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrukhan_the_Great) (Farrukhan the Great) Farrukhan the Great ((reigned) r.   712–728), managed to hold his domains during his long struggle against the Arab general (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid_ibn_al-Muhallab) (Yazid ibn al-Muhallab) Yazid ibn al-Muhallab , who was defeated by a combined Daylamite–Dabuyid army and forced to retreat from Tabaristan.[ 56]      The Abbasid revolution and Iranian Renaissance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saffarids_900ad.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty) (Saffarid dynasty) Saffarid dynasty in 900 AD  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iran_circa_1000AD.png)   A map of Iranian dynasties in the mid 10th-century  Anti-Umayyad insurrections were supported by non-Arab Islamic converts, who were resentful over being relegated to lower social standing. In 747–750, one of these insurrections grew into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_revolution) (Abbasid revolution) Abbasid revolution , in which the Umayyads were replaced with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty) (Abbasid dynasty) Abbasids , descendants of Muhammad's uncle, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib) (Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib) Abbas .[ 57]     The political authority of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate) (Abbasid Caliphate) Abbasid caliphs diminished over the course of the 9th and 10th centuries.[ 58]    This led to the establishment of several independent Iranian dynasties,[ 58]    the ousting of Arab rulers from their scattered bastions across the country, and an Iranian cultural renaissance.[ 59]    The period between the collapse of Abbasid authority and the conquest of Iran by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire) (Seljuk Empire) Seljuk Turks in the 11th century is referred to as the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Intermezzo) (Iranian Intermezzo) Iranian Intermezzo ".[ 59]     The Iranian Intermezzo saw the rise and fall of several major and minor dynasties.[ 59]    Among the most significant of these overlapping dynasties were the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty) (Tahirid dynasty) Tahirids in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan) (Greater Khorasan) Khorasan (821–873); the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty) (Saffarid dynasty) Saffarids in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan) (Sistan) Sistan (861–1003); and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_Empire) (Samanid Empire) Samanids (819–1005), originally at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara) (Bukhara) Bukhara . The Samanids eventually ruled an area from central Iran to Pakistan. By the early 10th century, the Abbasids almost lost control to the growing Iranian faction known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyid_dynasty) (Buyid dynasty) Buyid dynasty (934–1062).[ 60]    Since much of the Abbasid administration had been Persian, the Buyids were quietly able to assume real power in Baghdad. The Buyids were defeated in the mid-11th century by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire) (Seljuk Empire) Seljuk Turks , who continued to exert influence over the Abbasids. The Seljuks were eventually supplanted by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire) (Khwarazmian Empire) Khwarazmian Empire in 1194, a culturally Persianate empire of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples) (Turkic peoples) Turkic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk) (Mamluk) mamluk  origin.[ 61]      Islamization and Persianization  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran) (Islamization of Iran) Islamization of Iran was a long process. As Persian Muslims consolidated their rule, the Muslim population rose from approximately 40% in the mid-9th century to close to 90% by the end of the 11th century. Historian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr) (Seyyed Hossein Nasr) Seyyed Hossein Nasr suggests that the rapid increase in conversion was aided by the Persian nationality of the rulers.[ 62]    Although Persians adopted the religion of their conquerors, over the centuries they worked to protect and revive their distinctive language and culture, a process known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persianization) (Persianization) Persianization . Arabs and Turks participated in this process.[ 63]    [ 64]    [ 65]      Mongol invasions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire) (Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire) Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia) (Mongol conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia) Mongol conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire.png)   Territory of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire) (Khwarazmian Empire) Khwarazmian Empire on the eve of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Central_Asia) (Mongol campaigns in Central Asia) Mongol conquests , (circa) c. 1215  In the early 13th century, the Mongols reached Iran.[ 66]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bukhara) (Siege of Bukhara) Bukhara was conquered in 1220[ 67]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire) (Khwarazmian Empire) Khwarazmian Empire was destroyed.[ 68]    During 1220–21 Bukhara, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Samarkand_(1220)) (Siege of Samarkand (1220)) Samarkand , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat) (Herat) Herat , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus,_Iran) (Tus, Iran) Tus and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishapur) (Nishapur) Nishapur were razed, and the whole populations were slaughtered. Over the following decades, further conquests followed, culminating in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad) (Siege of Baghdad) fall of Baghdad and end of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate) (Abbasid Caliphate) Abbasid Caliphate 's rule in 1258.[ 69]     After the death of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Möngke_Khan) (Möngke Khan) Möngke Khan , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire) (Mongol Empire) Mongol Empire was fractured by civil war, both over the succession of the next Great Khan and between nomadic traditionalists and the new settled princes of China and the Middle East. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan) (Kublai Khan) Kublai Khan was eventually universally recognized, but the empire was irreversibly fragmented.[ 69]    In much of the southwest of the empire, including Iran, power fell to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulegu_Khan) (Hulegu Khan) Hulegu Khan ,[ 70]    who had been made a deputy there under Möngke Khan.[ 69]    Hulegu was accepted as a legitimate ruler in Iran and was legitimized through a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa) (Fatwa) fatwa  issued by the Shia scholar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Tawus_al-Hilli) (Ali ibn Tawus al-Hilli) Ali ibn Tawus al-Hilli .[ 71]    Iran experienced a cultural renaissance under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate) (Ilkhanate) Ilkhanid rule.[ 71]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazan_Khan) (Ghazan Khan) Ghazan Khan converted to Islam in the late 13th century, turning the state further away from the other Mongol realms.[ 70]     After Ghazan's nephew (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sa'id_Bahadur_Khan) (Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan) Abu Said died in 1335, the Ilkhanate lapsed into civil war and was divided between several petty dynasties – most prominently the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalayirids) (Jalayirids) Jalayirids , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)) (Muzaffarids (Iran)) Muzaffarids , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbadars) (Sarbadars) Sarbadars and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartids) (Kartids) Kartids . The mid-14th-century (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death) (Black Death) Black Death killed about 30% of the country's population.[ 72]      Timur and the rise of new powers  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_conquests_and_invasions) (Timurid conquests and invasions) Timurid conquests and invasions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empire_of_Timur_and_his_Campaigns.png)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur) (Timur) Timur 's empire and his military campaigns  Iran remained divided until the establishment of the Persianate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_dynasty) (Timurid dynasty) Timurid dynasty in 1370. Its founder, Timur (r. 1370–1405), hailed from a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkification) (Turkification) Turkified tribe of Mongols.[ 73]    After establishing a power base in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana) (Transoxiana) Transoxiana , Timur invaded Iran in 1381 and eventually conquered most of it. Timur's campaigns were known for their brutality; many people were slaughtered and several cities were destroyed.[ 74]     In 1387, Timur ordered the complete (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Isfahan_(1387)) (Siege of Isfahan (1387)) massacre of Isfahan , killing 70,000 people.[ 75]    The Timurids maintained control of most of Iran until 1452, when they lost the bulk of it to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu) (Qara Qoyunlu) Qara Qoyunlu , who were conquered by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu) (Aq Qoyunlu) Aq Qoyunlu in 1468. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzun_Hasan) (Uzun Hasan) Uzun Hasan and his successors were the masters of Iran until the rise of the Safavids.[ 74]       Early modern period  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran) (Safavid Iran) Safavid Iran , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_Iran) (Afsharid Iran) Afsharid Iran , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty) (Zand dynasty) Zand dynasty , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_Iran) (Qajar Iran) Qajar Iran , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese–Safavid_wars) (Portuguese–Safavid wars) Portuguese–Safavid wars , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman–Persian_Wars) (Ottoman–Persian Wars) Ottoman–Persian Wars  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Safavid_Empire_1501_1722_AD.png)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran) (Safavid Iran) Safavid Iran (1501–1722) at its greatest extent  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran) (Safavid Iran) Safavid Empire , founded by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_I) (Ismail I) Ismail I (r. 1505–1524), is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history.[ 76]    While Safavid Iran predated the concept of the nation-state as such, it established the basis for the modern state of Iran.[ 76]    [ 77]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty) (Safavid dynasty) Safavid dynastic period was one of the most significant in Iranian history, as it reunified Iran as a cohesive entity under native rule and established Shia Islam as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion) (State religion) official religion .[ 78]    The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722, and experienced a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736. The Safavid state had a complex bureaucratic system of checks and balances, which ensured transparency and prevented fraud. This system was not intended to equalize power between branches of government, but to ensure total power of the shah. Legitimized by his bloodline as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid) (Sayyid) sayyid , or descendant of Muhammad, the shah monitored the actions of government officials through reports provided by the superintendent of each department. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chardin) (Jean Chardin) Jean Chardin , French merchant and eventual ambassador to Iran, wrote that the Safavid shahs ruled their land with an iron fist and often in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotism) (Despotism) despotic manner.[ 79]     Complex rivalries in the region of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan) (Greater Khorasan) Khorasan led to the Afghan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotak_dynasty) (Hotak dynasty) Hotak dynasty invading Iran. In 1722, this conflict led to the collapse of the Safavid Empire after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Isfahan) (Siege of Isfahan) siege of Isfahan .[ 76]    [ 80]    The brief interlude between 1722 and the rise of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty) (Qajar dynasty) Qajar dynasty in 1789–1796 was marked by widespread political turmoil in Iran and several rival attempts to establish power over the country. The Safavids failed to regain power and the Hotaks failed to establish control. The rival (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_Iran) (Afsharid Iran) Afsharid and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty) (Zand dynasty) Zand dynasties were established by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah) (Nader Shah) Nader Shah ((reigned) r.   1736–1747) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Khan_Zand) (Karim Khan Zand) Karim Khan ((reigned) r.   1751–1779), respectively.[ 80]     Nader Shah and the shifting balance of power  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaigns_of_Nader_Shah) (Campaigns of Nader Shah) Campaigns of Nader Shah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Revised_Map_of_the_Afsharid_Empire.png)   A map of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_Empire) (Afsharid Empire) Afsharid Empire at its greatest extent, in 1741–1745  Nader Shah has been described as "the last great Asiatic military conqueror", and compared by some historians to Napoleon and Alexander the Great.[ 81]    [ 82]    His numerous campaigns created a great empire that, at its maximum extent, briefly encompassed all or part of modern-day Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Oman, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus) (North Caucasus) North Caucasus , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf) (Persian Gulf) Persian Gulf . However, his military spending had a ruinous effect on the Iranian economy.[ 83]     Nader Shah's death was followed by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_the_Afsharid_Empire) (Division of the Afsharid Empire) period of anarchy in Iran as rival army commanders fought for power. Nader's own family, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty) (Afsharid dynasty) Afsharids , lost all but a small domain in Khorasan. The Zand family seized control of much of Iran in the 1750s.[ 84]    The Zand rulers never proclaimed themselves to be shah s, but ruled as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent) (Regent) regents of Iran.[ 84]    [ 85]     They first staked their claim to power on behalf of the Safavid puppet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_III) (Ismail III) Ismail III ((reigned) r.   1750–1773) and then on behalf of the Iranian people.[ 84]    [ 85]       Rise of the Qajar dynasty and foreign interference  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Iran_1900-en.png)   Iran under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty) (Qajar dynasty) Qajar dynasty in the 19th century.  The Qajar dynasty gradually increased in power as they clashed with the Afsharids and the Zands for control of the land, culminating in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Shah) (Agha Mohammad Shah) Agha Mohammad Shah proclaiming himself ruler in 1789.[ 86]    Agha Mohammad defeated the Zand dynasty in 1794 and was officially crowned in 1796.[ 84]    [ 86]    Shortly thereafter, he captured and deposed the Afsharid Shahrokh Shah, reunifying Iran under a single ruler.[ 86]     In the 19th century, Iran lost significant territories in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus) (Caucasus) Caucasus to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire) (Russian Empire) Russian Empire following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars) (Russo-Persian Wars) Russo-Persian Wars .[ 87]    Meanwhile, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) Britain became involved in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Iran) (Southern Iran) southern Iran to counter Russia's presence in the north, which posed a threat to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India) (British India) British India .[ 88]    Amid this struggle for power, drought, shifting agricultural priorities, and poor governance culminated in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1870–1872) (Persian famine of 1870–1872) Great Persian Famine of 1870–1871 . While the death toll is unknown, the famine killed a significant portion of Iran's population; between several hundred thousand and four million Iranians are believed to have died as a result.[ 89]       20th century up to the Iranian Revolution  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran) (Pahlavi Iran) Pahlavi Iran  Constitutional Revolution and the rise of the Pahlavi dynasty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RezaShahBozorgTakhteJamshid32.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Shah) (Reza Shah) Reza Shah with then-Crown Prince Mohammad Reza Pahlavi at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persepolis) (Persepolis) Persepolis , (circa) c.  1939   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution) (Persian Constitutional Revolution) Persian Constitutional Revolution between 1905 and 1911 led to the establishment of an Iranian parliament.[ 90]    After the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d'état) (1921 Persian coup d'état) 1921 coup d'état , the Qajar dynasty was replaced with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty) (Pahlavi dynasty) Pahlavi dynasty .[ 91]    The dynasty was founded by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Shah) (Reza Shah) Reza Shah , who established an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism) (Authoritarianism) authoritarian government that valued (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_nationalism) (Iranian nationalism) nationalism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism) (Militarism) militarism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism_in_Iran) (Secularism in Iran) secularism and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism) (Anti-communism) anti-communism combined with strict (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship) (Censorship) censorship and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_propaganda) (State propaganda) state propaganda .[ 92]    Reza Shah introduced many socio-economic reforms, reorganizing the army, government administration, and finances.[ 93]    Reza Shah ruled for almost 16 years until 1941, when he was forced to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdication) (Abdication) abdicate by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran) (Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran) Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran . To his supporters, his reign brought "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)) (Law and order (politics)) law and order , discipline, central authority, and modern amenities – schools, trains, buses, radios, cinemas, and telephones."[ 94]    However, his reign has been characterized as a corrupt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_state) (Police state) police state which provided only surface level modernization.[ 94]    [ 95]    [ 96]      World War II and post-occupation instability  Due in part to Nazi Germany's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa) (Operation Barbarossa) invasion of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) (Soviet Union) Soviet Union , the Iranian government expected Germany to win the war and establish a powerful force on the Russian-Iranian border. Iran rejected British and Soviet demands to expel German residents from its borders. In response, the two (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II) (Allies of World War II) Allies invaded in August 1941 and easily overwhelmed the weak Iranian army in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Countenance) (Operation Countenance) Operation Countenance .[ 97]     Iran became the major conduit of Allied (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease) (Lend-Lease) Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union. The purpose was to secure Iranian oil fields and ensure Allied supply lines through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Corridor) (Persian Corridor) Persian Corridor . Iran remained officially neutral. Reza Shah was deposed during the subsequent occupation and replaced with his young son (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi) (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi .[ 97]    At the 1943 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Conference) (Tehran Conference) Tehran Conference , the Allied "Big Three"—(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin) (Joseph Stalin) Joseph Stalin , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt) (Franklin D. Roosevelt) Franklin D. Roosevelt , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill) (Winston Churchill) Winston Churchill —issued the Tehran Declaration to guarantee the post-war independence and boundaries of Iran.[ 98]       Mosaddegh and the Shah's rule  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d'état) (1953 Iranian coup d'état) 1953 Iranian coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pahlavi_family_coronation_(cropped).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi) (Coronation of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) The coronation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi) (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , the last (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Iranian_monarch) (Coronation of the Iranian monarch) Iranian coronation , held in 1967  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_with_King_Hussein_of_Jordan_the_Shah_of_Iran_and_Shahbanou_of_Iran_-_NARA_-_177332_04.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi) (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) Mohammad Reza Shah and Shahbanu (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farah_Pahlavi) (Farah Pahlavi) Farah Pahlavi of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran) (Pahlavi Iran) Iran with US President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter) (Jimmy Carter) Jimmy Carter and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Hussein) (King Hussein) King Hussein of Jordan in 1977  In 1951, under Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh) (Mohammad Mosaddegh) Mohammad Mosaddegh , the Iranian parliament voted to nationalize the British-owned oil industry, leading to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadan_Crisis) (Abadan Crisis) Abadan Crisis . Despite British pressure, including an economic blockade, nationalization continued. Mosaddegh was removed from power in 1952 but was quickly re-appointed by the Shah, due to a popular uprising in support of the premier. He forced the Shah into a brief exile in August 1953 after a failed military coup by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Iran)) (Imperial Guard (Iran)) Imperial Guard Colonel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematollah_Nassiri) (Nematollah Nassiri) Nematollah Nassiri . On 19 August, a successful (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d'état) (1953 Iranian coup d'état) coup was headed by retired army general (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazlollah_Zahedi) (Fazlollah Zahedi) Fazlollah Zahedi , aided by the US ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA) (CIA) CIA )[ 99]    and the British ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6) (MI6) MI6 ), known as Operation Ajax and Operation Boot to the respective agencies.[ 100]    The coup—with a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_propaganda) (Black propaganda) black propaganda campaign against Mosaddegh[ 101]    —forced Mosaddegh from office. Mosaddegh was arrested and tried for treason. Found guilty, Mosaddegh had his sentence reduced to house arrest on his family estate while his foreign minister, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein_Fatemi) (Hossein Fatemi) Hossein Fatemi , was executed. Zahedi succeeded him as prime minister and suppressed opposition to the Shah, specifically from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)) (National Front (Iran)) National Front and the communist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudeh_Party) (Tudeh Party) Tudeh Party . From that time until the revolution, Iran was ruled as an autocracy under the Shah, with strong American support. Iran initiated economic, social, agrarian, and administrative reforms to modernize the country, which became known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Revolution) (White Revolution) White Revolution . Many Islamic leaders criticized these initiatives, and the land reform had mixed results.[ 102]    By 1978, the Shah had become wildly unpopular among the Iranian people. Daily demonstrations destabilized the region, and the Shah established (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law) (Martial law) martial law to curb opposition. When hundreds of thousands of protestors persisted, security forces opened fire on the crowds in an incident that became known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_(1978)) (Black Friday (1978)) Black Friday .[ 103]       Islamic Revolution  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) (Iranian Revolution) Iranian Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imam_Khomeini_in_Mehrabad.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini) (Ruhollah Khomeini) Ruhollah Khomeini returns to Iran after 14 years of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini's_life_in_exile) (Ruhollah Khomeini's life in exile) exile in Turkey, Iraq and France on 1 February 1979.  The protests against the Shah grew to include more than 10% of the country; it is rare for revolutions to involve even 1% of a country's population.[ 104]    Frustration with the Shah was so great that even secular and leftist groups supported (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini) (Ruhollah Khomeini) Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , the leader of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) (Iranian Revolution) revolution , despite sharing none of his political positions.[ 105]    Under increasing pressure, the Shah eventually fled Iran, charging the interim (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_Council_(Iran)) (Regency Council (Iran)) Regency Council with his duties until a new government was formed.[ 106]    [ 107]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapour_Bakhtiar) (Shapour Bakhtiar) Shapour Bakhtiar , the head of the council, invited Khomeini to return from exile. However, upon return, Khomeini pledged to defeat the interim government led by Bakhtiar and claimed to support free democratic elections. Violence broke out between the two factions, ultimately leading Bakhtiar to flee Iran in disguise. On 31 March 1979, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum) (1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum) referendum was held on whether to transition from a government of monarchy to an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_republic) (Islamic republic) Islamic republic . The referendum was approved by a massive margin of 99.31%. It mandated the creation of an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_for_the_Final_Review_of_the_Constitution) (Assembly for the Final Review of the Constitution) assembly to draft the new (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocratic) (Theocratic) theocratic constitution, whereby Khomeini became (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran) (Supreme Leader of Iran) Supreme Leader in December 1979. Iran's modernizing, capitalist economy was replaced by populist Islamic economic and cultural policies. Industries were nationalized, laws and schools (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge) (Islamization of knowledge) Islamized , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world) (Western world) Western influence restricted.[ 108]      Khomeini era, Iran–Iraq War, and leadership transition  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Iranian_Revolution) (Aftermath of the Iranian Revolution) Aftermath of the Iranian Revolution and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Iraq_War) (Iran–Iraq War) Iran–Iraq War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chemical_weapon1.jpg)   An Iranian soldier with gas mask during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Iraq_War) (Iran–Iraq War) Iran–Iraq War   The shah, now out of power, went to the US to seek cancer treatment after other countries denied him entry. Supporters of the revolution feared that this was a step toward a coup to reinstate the Shah's reign. On 4 November 1979, Iranian students (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis) (Iran hostage crisis) seized US embassy personnel , labeling the embassy a "den of spies".[ 109]    52 hostages were held for 444 days until January 1981.[ 110]    During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_in_Iran) (Cultural Revolution in Iran) Cultural Revolution in Iran from 1980 to 1983, opposition to Islamic values was purged[ 111]    including through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981–1982_Iran_massacres) (1981–1982 Iran massacres) 1981–1982 Iran massacres .[ 112]     Iraqi leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein) (Saddam Hussein) Saddam Hussein attempted to take advantage of the disorder of the revolution, the weakness of the Iranian military and the revolution's antagonism against Western governments. On 22 September 1980, the Iraqi army (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Iran) (Iraqi invasion of Iran) invaded Iran at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestan_province) (Khuzestan province) Khuzestan , precipitating the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Iraq_War) (Iran–Iraq War) Iran–Iraq War . The attack took revolutionary Iran by surprise. Although Hussein's forces made early advances, Iranian forces pushed the Iraqi army back into Iraq by 1982.[ 113]     Khomeini sought to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exporting_the_revolution) (Exporting the revolution) export the revolution westward into Iraq, especially to Iraq's Shi'a Arab majority. The war continued until 1988, when Khomeini "drank the cup of poison" and accepted a truce mediated by the UN.[ 113]    The war, which ended in a stalemate in 1988, killed approximately 500,000 people.[ 114]    During the war, Saddam extensively used (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_chemical_weapons_program) (Iraqi chemical weapons program) chemical weapons against Iranians.[ 115]      Khamenei era  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests) (2009 Iranian presidential election protests) 2009 Iranian presidential election protests , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action) (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani) (Assassination of Qasem Soleimani) Assassination of Qasem Soleimani , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests) (Mahsa Amini protests) Mahsa Amini protests , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Iran–Israel_conflict) (2024 Iran–Israel conflict) 2024 Iran–Israel conflict , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-Day_War) (Twelve-Day War) Twelve-Day War , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025–2026_Iranian_protests) (2025–2026 Iranian protests) 2025–2026 Iranian protests , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Iran_War) (2026 Iran War) 2026 Iran War , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Ali_Khamenei) (Assassination of Ali Khamenei) Assassination of Ali Khamenei , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Iranian_supreme_leader_election) (2026 Iranian supreme leader election) 2026 Iranian supreme leader election  On his deathbed in 1989, Khomeini appointed a 25-man Constitutional Reform Council, which named Ali Khamenei as the next Supreme Leader, and made changes to Iran's constitution.[ 116]    While Khamenei lacked Khomeini's "charisma and clerical standing", he developed a network of supporters within the armed forces and its economically powerful (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonyad) (Bonyad) religious foundations .[ 117]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_033.jpg)   Ali Khamenei at the Great Conference of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basij) (Basij) Basij members at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadi_Stadium) (Azadi Stadium) Azadi Stadium , October 2018  President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Rafsanjani) (Akbar Rafsanjani) Akbar Rafsanjani concentrated on a pro-business policy of rebuilding the economy, without breaking with the ideology of the revolution. He supported a free market, favoring privatization of state industries and a moderate position internationally. In 1997, Rafsanjani was succeeded by moderate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_reform_movement) (Iranian reform movement) reformist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami) (Mohammad Khatami) Mohammad Khatami , whose government advocated freedom of expression, constructive diplomatic relations with Asia and the EU, and policy that supported a free market and foreign investment. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Iranian_presidential_election) (2005 Iranian presidential election) 2005 presidential election brought conservative populist and nationalist candidate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad) (Mahmoud Ahmadinejad) Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to power. He was known for his hardline views, nuclearization, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_Israel) (Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel) hostility towards Israel , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia , the UK, US and other states. He was the first president to be summoned by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly) (Islamic Consultative Assembly) parliament to answer questions regarding his presidency.[ 118]    In 2013, centrist and reformist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani) (Hassan Rouhani) Hassan Rouhani was elected president. He encouraged personal freedom, access to information, and improved women's rights. He improved diplomatic relations through exchanging conciliatory letters.[ 119]     In 2015, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action) (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action was reached in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna) (Vienna) Vienna , between Iran, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P5+1) (P5+1) P5+1 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council) (Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council) UN Security Council + Germany) and the EU. The negotiations centered around ending the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1929) (United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929) economic sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uranium) (Enriched uranium) enriched uranium .[ 120]    In 2018, the US under President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump) (First presidency of Donald Trump) Donald Trump withdrew from the deal and new sanctions were imposed. This nulled the economic provisions and brought Iran to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_latency) (Nuclear latency) nuclear threshold status .[ 121]     In 2020, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps) (Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps) IRGC general (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani) (Qasem Soleimani) Qasem Soleimani , the 2nd-most powerful person in Iran,[ 122]    was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani) (Assassination of Qasem Soleimani) assassinated by the US , heightening (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–United_States_relations) (Iran–United States relations) tensions between them .[ 123]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani) (Operation Martyr Soleimani) Iran retaliated against US airbases in Iraq , the largest ballistic missile attack ever on Americans;[ 124]    110 sustained (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury) (Traumatic brain injury) brain injuries .[ 125]    [ 126]    [ 127]    On 8 January, Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps shot down (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752) (Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752) Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 , killing 176 civilians and leading to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests) (Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests) nation-wide protests . An international investigation led to the government admitting to the shootdown by a surface-to-air missile.[ 128]    [ 129]     Hardliner (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrahim_Raisi) (Ebrahim Raisi) Ebrahim Raisi lost a presidential bid in 2017, but ran again (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Iranian_presidential_election) (2021 Iranian presidential election) in 2021 , succeeding Rouhani.[ 130]    During Raisi's term, Iran (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran) (Nuclear program of Iran) intensified uranium enrichment , hindered international inspections, joined SCO and BRICS, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine) (Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine) supported the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine) (2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine) 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and restored relations with Saudi Arabia. In April 2024, an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus) (Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus) Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus killed an IRGC commander.[ 131]    [ 132]    Iran (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_on_Israel) (April 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel) retaliated with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle) (Unmanned aerial vehicle) UAVs , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile) (Cruise missile) cruise and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile) (Ballistic missile) ballistic missiles ; 9 hit Israel.[ 133]    [ 134]    [ 135]    It was the largest drone strike in history,[ 136]    biggest missile attack in Iranian history,[ 137]    its first ever direct attack on Israel[ 138]    [ 139]    and the first time (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Iraqi_missile_attacks_against_Israel) (1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel) since 1991 that Israel was directly attacked by a state.[ 140]     In May 2024, Raisi was killed in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Varzaqan_helicopter_crash) (2024 Varzaqan helicopter crash) a helicopter crash ,[ 141]    and Iran held a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Iranian_presidential_election) (2024 Iranian presidential election) presidential election , when reformist and former (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Medical_Education) (Ministry of Health and Medical Education) Minister of Health , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian) (Masoud Pezeshkian) Masoud Pezeshkian , was elected.[ 142]    [ 143]    In October, Iran (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2024_Iranian_strikes_on_Israel) (October 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel) launched 180 ballistic missiles at Israel in retaliation for assassinations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Ismail_Haniyeh) (Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh) of Ismail Haniyeh , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Hezbollah_headquarters_strike) (2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike) Hassan Nasrallah and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Nilforoushan) (Abbas Nilforoushan) Abbas Nilforoushan . Israel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran) (October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran) struck Iranian military sites.[ 144]    In May 2025, Iran's government ordered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Afghan_deportation_from_Iran) (2025 Afghan deportation from Iran) a mass deportation of an estimated four million (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_diaspora) (Afghan diaspora) Afghan migrants and refugees living in Iran.[ 145]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:تقدیم_پیام_پادشاه_عربستان_به_رهبر_انقلاب_07.jpg)   Ayatollah (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei) (Ali Khamenei) Ali Khamenei with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia 's Defense Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_bin_Salman_Al_Saud) (Khalid bin Salman Al Saud) Khalid bin Salman and Major General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Bagheri_(general)) (Mohammad Bagheri (general)) Mohammad Bagheri on 17 April 2025  The weakening of Iran's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance) (Axis of Resistance) key allies and proxies since 2023 left Iran's government weakened and isolated.[ 146]    [ 147]    [ 148]    In early 2025, Iran was rapidly advancing its nuclear program.[ 149]    Analysts warned such activity exceeded any plausible civilian justification.[ 150]    Iran and the United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025–2026_Iran–United_States_negotiations) (2025–2026 Iran–United States negotiations) entered negotiations for a new nuclear agreement, but progress stalled. In June, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency) (International Atomic Energy Agency) IAEA found Iran non-compliant with its nuclear obligations;[ 151]    in response, Iran announced activation of a new enrichment facility.[ 152]     On 13 June 2025, Israel launched strikes across Iran, targeting nuclear facilities and killing top members of Iran's military leadership.[ 153]    [ 154]    Iran retaliated with missile strikes, and hostilities resulted in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-Day_War) (Twelve-Day War) direct conflict between them. On 22 June, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_strikes_on_Iranian_nuclear_sites) (2025 United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites) United States struck the Iranian nuclear facilities .[ 155]    Iran (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Iranian_strikes_on_Al_Udeid_Air_Base) (2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base) attacked US bases in Qatar as a result. On 24 June, Israel and Iran agreed to a ceasefire after insistence from the US.[ 156]    [ 157]     Since December 2025, Iran (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025–2026_Iranian_protests) (2025–2026 Iranian protests) has had mass demonstrations across cities calling for the overthrow of the Islamic Republic, sparked by frustration over (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_economic_crisis) (Iranian economic crisis) the economic crisis .[ 158]    As of 13  January  2026 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_January_2026)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_International) (Iran International) Iran International  estimated that at least 12,000 protesters had been killed amidst the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Internet_blackout_in_Iran) (2026 Internet blackout in Iran) internet blackout , as government security forces escalated their use of lethal force against demonstrators.[ 159]    [ 160]    [ 161]    As of 17  January  2026 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_January_2026)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , estimates suggested that at least 16,500 people had been killed and approximately 330,000 injured in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Iran_massacres) (2026 Iran massacres) 2026 Iran massacres .[ 162]     On 28 February 2026, the United States and Israel conducted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Israeli–United_States_strikes_on_Iran) (2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran) coordinated military strikes against multiple targets in the Islamic Republic of Iran, marking a significant escalation in long-standing tensions between Tehran and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel–United_States_relations) (Israel–United States relations) U.S.–Israel alliance. [ 163]    That same day, Ali Khamenei was assassinated as part of a series of Israeli airstrikes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials_killed_during_the_2026_Iran_war) (List of Iranian officials killed during the 2026 Iran war) aimed at high-ranking Iranian officials . Khamenei's death was confirmed by the Iranian government on 1 March.[ 164]    On 8 March, the 88-person Assembly of Experts announced that Mojtaba Khamenei, son of Ali Khamenei, was elected Supreme Leader in a "unanimous vote".[ 165]    [ 166]    [ 167]        Geography  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Iran) (Geography of Iran) Geography of Iran  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_Iran) (Borders of Iran) Borders of Iran , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran) (Agriculture in Iran) Agriculture in Iran , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran) (List of mountains in Iran) List of mountains in Iran , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran) (List of islands of Iran) List of islands of Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iran-geographic_map.svg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Iran#Topography) (Geography of Iran) Topography of Iran   Iran has an area of 1,648,195  km 2 (636,372  mi 2 ) , making it is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_area) (List of Asian countries by area) sixth-largest country entirely in Asia and the second-largest in West Asia.[ 168]    It lies between latitudes 24° and 40° N and longitudes 44° and 64° E. It is bordered to the northwest by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia) (Armenia) Armenia , the Azeri exclave of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic) (Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic) Nakhchivan ,[ 169]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Republic of Azerbaijan ; to the north by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea) (Caspian Sea) Caspian Sea ; to the northeast by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan ; to the east by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf) (Persian Gulf) Persian Gulf and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman) (Gulf of Oman) Gulf of Oman ; and to the west by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq and Turkey. Iran is in a seismically active area.[ 170]    On average, an earthquake of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale) (Moment magnitude scale) magnitude 7.0 or higher occurs once every ten years.[ 171]    Most earthquakes are shallow-focus and can be very devastating, such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Bam_earthquake) (2003 Bam earthquake) 2003 Bam earthquake . Iran consists mostly of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Plateau) (Iranian Plateau) Iranian Plateau , with its southwestern region on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_plate) (Arabian plate) Arabian plate . Iran is one of the world's most mountainous countries; its landscape is dominated by rugged mountain ranges that separate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin) (Drainage basin) basins or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau) (Plateau) plateaus . The populous western Iran is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains) (Caucasus Mountains) Caucasus , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_Mountains) (Zagros Mountains) Zagros , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alborz) (Alborz) Alborz . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Damavand) (Mount Damavand) Mount Damavand is the highest point, at 5,610  m (18,406  ft) , which is the highest volcano in Asia. Iran's mountains have impacted its politics and economics for centuries. Northern Iran is covered by the lush lowland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrcanian_forests) (Hyrcanian forests) Caspian Hyrcanian forests , near the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. The east consists mostly of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert) (Desert) desert basins, such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasht-e_Kavir) (Dasht-e Kavir) Kavir Desert , which is the country's largest desert, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasht-e_Loot) (Dasht-e Loot) Lut Desert , as well as salt lakes. The Lut Desert features the highest recorded land skin temperature in the world with 70.7 °C recorded in 2005.[ 172]    [ 173]    [ 174]    [ 175]    Large plains are found along the coast of the Caspian and at the north end of the Persian Gulf, where Iran borders the mouth of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab) (Shatt al-Arab) Arvand river . Smaller, discontinuous plains are found along the remaining coast of the Persian Gulf, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz) (Strait of Hormuz) Strait of Hormuz , and Gulf of Oman.[ 176]    [ 177]    [ 178]     Climate  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Iran) (Climate of Iran) Climate of Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_IRN_present.svg)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köppen_climate_classification) (Köppen climate classification) Köppen climate classification map of Iran  Iran's climate is diverse, ranging from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_climate) (Desert climate) arid and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate) (Semi-arid climate) semi-arid to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics) (Subtropics) subtropical along the Caspian coast and northern forests.[ 179]    On the north edge of Iran, temperatures rarely fall below freezing and the area remains humid. Summer temperatures rarely exceed 29  °C (84.2  °F) .[ 180]    Annual precipitation is 680  mm (26.8  in) in the eastern plains and more than 1,700  mm (66.9  in) in the west. The UN Resident Coordinator for Iran has said that "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity) (Water scarcity) water scarcity poses the most severe human security challenge in Iran today."[ 181]     To the west, settlements in the Zagros basin have lower temperatures and severe winters, with freezing average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall. The east and central basins are arid, with less than 200  mm (7.9  in) of rain and have occasional deserts.[ 182]    Average summer temperatures may reach 38  °C (100.4  °F) . The southern coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman have mild winters, and very humid and hot summers. The annual precipitation ranges from 135 to 355  mm (5.3 to 14.0  in) .[ 183]      Biodiversity  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran) (Wildlife of Iran) Wildlife of Iran , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_and_protected_areas_of_Iran) (List of national parks and protected areas of Iran) List of national parks and protected areas of Iran , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forests_of_Iran) (Forests of Iran) Forests of Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Persian_Leopard_sitting.jpg)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_leopard) (Persian leopard) Persian leopard , native to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Plateau) (Iranian Plateau) Iranian Plateau   Nearly 60% of Iran is mountainous, and less than 10% is forested.[ 184]    About 120 million hectares of forests and fields are government-owned for national exploitation.[ 185]    [ 186]    Iran's forests can be divided into five vegetation regions: the Hyrcanian region which forms the green belt of the north side of Iran; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan) (Turan) Turan region, which are mainly scattered in the center of Iran; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_Mountains) (Zagros Mountains) Zagros region , which mainly contains oak forests in the west; the Persian Gulf region, which is scattered in the southern coastal belt; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arasbaran) (Arasbaran) Arasbarani region , which contains rare and unique species. More than 8,200 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant) (Plant) plant species are grown. There are over 200 protected areas to preserve biodiversity and wildlife, with over 30 being the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park) (National park) national parks . Iran's living fauna includes 34 bat species, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose) (Indian grey mongoose) Indian grey mongoose , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose) (Small Indian mongoose) small Indian mongoose , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_jackal) (Golden jackal) golden jackal , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_wolf) (Indian wolf) Indian wolf , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox) (Fox) foxes , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_hyena) (Striped hyena) striped hyena , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard) (Leopard) leopard , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_lynx) (Eurasian lynx) Eurasian lynx , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bear) (Brown bear) brown bear and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_black_bear) (Asian black bear) Asian black bear . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulate) (Ungulate) Ungulate species include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar) (Wild boar) wild boar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urial) (Urial) urial , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_mouflon) (Armenian mouflon) Armenian mouflon , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer) (Red deer) red deer , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goitered_gazelle) (Goitered gazelle) goitered gazelle .[ 187]    [ 188]    The critically endangered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_cheetah) (Asiatic cheetah) Asiatic cheetah survives only in Iran. Iran lost all its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_lion) (Asiatic lion) Asiatic lions and the extinct (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_tiger) (Caspian tiger) Caspian tigers by the early 20th century.[ 189]    Domestic ungulates are represented by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep) (Sheep) sheep , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat) (Goat) goat , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle) (Cattle) cattle , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse) (Horse) horse , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_buffalo) (Water buffalo) water buffalo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey) (Donkey) donkey and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel) (Camel) camel . Iran is home to more than 570 bird species, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasant) (Pheasant) pheasant , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partridge) (Partridge) partridge , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stork) (Stork) stork , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle) (Eagle) eagle , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon) (Falcon) falcon .[ 190]    [ 191]    [ 192]       Government and politics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Iran) (Government of Iran) Government of Iran and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Iran) (Politics of Iran) Politics of Iran  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Iran) (Elections in Iran) Elections in Iran  Supreme Leader  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran) (Supreme Leader of Iran) Supreme Leader of Iran   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Mojtaba_Khamenei.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojtaba_Khamenei) (Mojtaba Khamenei) Mojtaba Khamenei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran) (Supreme Leader of Iran) Supreme Leader    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masoud_Pezeshkian_2025_(cropped).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian) (Masoud Pezeshkian) Masoud Pezeshkian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Iran) (President of Iran) President    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammad_Reza_Aref,_July_2025_(cropped).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Aref) (Mohammad Reza Aref) Mohammad Reza Aref  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iran) (Vice President of Iran) Vice President       (./Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_met_with_Pakistani_Prime_Minister_Shehbaz_Sharif_1404-3-10.jpg)   Former Supreme Leader Ayatollah (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei) (Ali Khamenei) Ali Khamenei with Pakistan's Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif) (Shehbaz Sharif) Shehbaz Sharif on 26 May 2025  The Supreme Leader,[ g]    the Rahbar , the Leader of the Revolution or Supreme Leadership Authority, is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state) (Head of state) head of state and is responsible for supervision of policy. The president has limited power compared to the Rahbar . Key ministers are selected with the Rahbar '  s agreement, who has the ultimate say on foreign policy.[ 193]    The Rahbar is directly involved in ministerial appointments for defense, intelligence and foreign affairs, and other top ministries after submission of candidates from the president. The Rahbar directly controls regional policy, with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs tasks limited to protocol and ceremonial occasions. Ambassadors to Arab countries, for example, are chosen by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quds_Force) (Quds Force) Quds Force , which reports to the Rahbar.[ 194]    The Rahbar can order laws to be amended.[ 195]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini's_Order) (Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order) Setad , a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprise) (State-owned enterprise) state-owned enterprise under the Rahbar , was valued at $95 billion in 2013, accounts of which are secret even to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_parliament) (Iranian parliament) parliament .[ 196]    [ 197]     The Rahbar is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief) (Commander-in-chief) commander-in-chief of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran) (Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran) Armed Forces ,[ h]    controls military intelligence and security operations,[ 199]    and has the sole power to declare war or peace.[ i]    The Rahbar also appoints the heads of the judiciary, state radio and television networks, commanders of the police and military, and members of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Council) (Guardian Council) Guardian Council . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts) (Assembly of Experts) Assembly of Experts is responsible for electing the Rahbar and has the power to dismiss him on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem.[ 200]    To date, the Assembly of Experts has not challenged any of the Rahbar '  s decisions nor attempted to dismiss him. The previous head of the judicial system, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiq_Larijani) (Sadiq Larijani) Sadiq Larijani , appointed by the Rahbar , said that it is illegal for the Assembly of Experts to supervise the Rahbar .[ 201]    Many believe the Assembly of Experts has become a ceremonial body without any real power.[ 202]    [ 203]    [ 204]    In February 2025, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  reported that according to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Sadjadpour) (Karim Sadjadpour) Karim Sadjadpour , an expert on Iran at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace) (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , there exist in the Islamic Republic of Iran two parallel systems.[ 205]    One system is ruled by the military and intelligence forces, who report to the Rahbar , and "who oversee the nuclear programme and regional proxies and are tasked with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran) (Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran) repression , hostage taking and assassinations".[ 205]    The other system is ruled by diplomats and politicians, "who are authorized to speak to Western media and officials" and have minimal knowledge of Iran's nuclear programme.[ 205]     The political system is based on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran) (Constitution of Iran) country's constitution .[ 206]    According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Democracy_and_Electoral_Assistance) (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance) International IDEA 's Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices and Democracy Tracker, Iran performs in the low range on overall democratic measures, with particular weaknesses in gender equality, freedom of association and assembly, and freedom of expression.[ 207]    [ 208]    [ 209]    Furthermore, Iran was ranked 158th in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracy) (Representative democracy) electoral democracy for year 2024 according to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_Indices) (V-Dem Democracy Indices) V-Dem Democracy Indices and was an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_autocracy) (Electoral autocracy) electoral autocracy in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_Indices#Regimes_of_the_World) (V-Dem Democracy Indices) Regimes of the World classification.[ 210]    [ 211]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_José_Linz) (Juan José Linz) Juan José Linz wrote in 2000 that "the Iranian regime combines the ideological bent of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism) (Totalitarianism) totalitarianism with the limited pluralism of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism) (Authoritarianism) authoritarianism ".[ 212]      President  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Iran) (President of Iran) President of Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:16th_BRICS_Summit_family_photograph_(2024).jpg)   Iranian President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian) (Masoud Pezeshkian) Masoud Pezeshkian (second from the right) poses for a group photo with other heads of state during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_BRICS_summit) (16th BRICS summit) 16th BRICS summit in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan) (Kazan) Kazan , Russia, on 23 October 2024  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presidential_Administration_of_Iran_building.jpg)   The entrance to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Iran) (Presidential Administration of Iran) Presidential Administration palace in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteur_Street) (Pasteur Street) Pasteur Street , which is the cabinet's meeting place, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Iran) (President of Iran) President 's office  The president is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government) (Head of government) head of government and the second-highest-ranking authority after the Supreme Leader. The president is elected by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage) (Universal suffrage) universal suffrage for 4 years. Before (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Iran) (Elections in Iran) elections , nominees to become a presidential candidate must be approved by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Council) (Guardian Council) Guardian Council .[ 213]    The council's members are chosen by the Leader, with the Leader having the power to dismiss the president.[ 214]    The president can only be re-elected for one term.[ 215]    The president is the chairman of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council) (Supreme National Security Council) Supreme National Security Council , and has the power to declare a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency) (State of emergency) state of emergency after passage by the parliament. The president is responsible for the implementation of the constitution and for the exercise of executive powers in implementing the decrees and general policies as outlined by the Rahbar , except for matters directly related to the Rahbar , who has the final say.[ 216]    The president functions as the executive of affairs such as signing treaties and other international agreements, and administering national planning, budget, and state employment affairs, all as approved by the Rahbar .[ 217]    [ 218]    The president appoints ministers, subject to the approval of the Parliament and the Rahbar , who can dismiss or reinstate any minister.[ 219]    [ 220]    [ 221]    The president supervises the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Iran) (Council of Ministers of Iran) Council of Ministers , coordinates government decisions, and selects government policies to be placed before the legislature.[ 222]    Eight vice presidents serve under the president, as well as a cabinet of 22 ministers, all appointed by the president.[ 223]      Guardian Council  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Council) (Guardian Council) Guardian Council  Presidential and parliamentary candidates must be approved by the 12-member Guardian Council (all members of which are appointed by the Leader) or the Leader before running to ensure their allegiance.[ 224]    The Leader rarely does the vetting, but has the power to do so, in which case additional approval of the Guardian Council is not needed. The Leader can revert the decisions of the Guardian Council.[ 225]     The constitution gives the council three mandates: veto power over legislation passed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_of_Iran) (Majlis of Iran) parliament ,[ 226]    [ 227]    supervision of elections[ 228]    and approving or disqualifying candidates seeking to run in local, parliamentary, presidential, or Assembly of Experts elections.[ 229]    The council can nullify a law based on two accounts: being against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) (Sharia) sharia (Islamic law), or being against the constitution.[ 230]      Supreme National Security Council  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council) (Supreme National Security Council) Supreme National Security Council  The Supreme National Security Council (SNSC) is at the top of the foreign policy decisions process.[ 231]    [ 232]    [ 233]    The council was formed during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Iranian_constitutional_referendum) (1989 Iranian constitutional referendum) 1989 Iranian constitutional referendum for the protection and support of national interests, the revolution, territorial integrity and national sovereignty.[ 234]    It is mandated by Article 176 of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran) (Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran) Constitution to be presided over by the president.[ 235]    [ 236]     The leader selects the secretary of the Supreme Council, and the council's decisions are effective after the leader confirms them. The SNSC formulates nuclear policy and would become effective if the Leader confirms them.[ 237]    [ 238]      Legislature  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature_of_Iran) (Legislature of Iran) Legislature of Iran  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialized_Commissions_of_the_Parliament_of_Iran) (Specialized Commissions of the Parliament of Iran) Specialized Commissions of the Parliament of Iran , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran) (Supreme Audit Court of Iran) Supreme Audit Court of Iran , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Research_Centre) (Majlis Research Centre) Majlis Research Centre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iranian_Parliament_2.jpg)   The building of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly) (Islamic Consultative Assembly) Islamic Consultative Assembly (ICA)  The legislature, known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly) (Islamic Consultative Assembly) Islamic Consultative Assembly , Iranian Parliament or "Majles", is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameralism) (Unicameralism) unicameral body comprising 290 members elected for four years.[ 239]    It drafts legislation, ratifies international treaties, and approves the national budget. All parliamentary candidates and legislation from the assembly must be approved by the Guardian Council.[ 240]    [ 241]    The Guardian Council can dismiss elected members of the parliament.[ 242]    [ 243]    The parliament has no legal status without the Guardian Council, and the Council holds absolute veto power over legislation.[ 244]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council) (Expediency Discernment Council) Expediency Discernment Council has the authority to mediate disputes between Parliament and the Guardian Council. It serves as an advisory body to the Supreme Leader, making it one of Iran's most powerful governing bodies.[ 245]    [ 230]    The Parliament has 207 constituencies, including the 5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserved_seats) (Reserved seats) reserved seats for religious minorities. The remaining 202 are territorial, covering one or more of Iran's counties.  Law  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran) (Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran) Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran  Iran uses the sharia law (based on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja'fari_school) (Ja'fari school) Ja'fari school ) as its legal system, with elements of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)) (Civil law (legal system)) civil law . The Supreme Leader appoints the head of the Supreme Court and chief public prosecutor. There are several types of courts, including public courts that deal with civil and criminal cases, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Court) (Islamic Revolutionary Court) revolutionary courts , which deal with certain offenses, such as crimes against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security) (National security) national security . The decisions of the revolutionary courts are final and cannot be appealed. The Chief Justice heads the judicial system and is responsible for its administration and supervision. He is the highest judge of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iran) (Supreme Court of Iran) Supreme Court of Iran . The Chief Justice nominates candidates to serve as minister of justice, and the president selects one. The Chief Justice can serve for two five-year terms.[ 246]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Clerical_Court) (Special Clerical Court) Special Clerical Court handles crimes allegedly committed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleric) (Cleric) clerics , although it has taken on cases involving (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity) (Laity) laypeople . The Special Clerical Court functions independently of the regular judicial framework and is accountable only to the Rahbar. The Court's rulings are final and cannot be appealed.[ 223]    The Assembly of Experts, which meets for one week annually, comprises 86 "virtuous and learned" clerics elected by adult suffrage for 8-year terms.  Administrative divisions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Iran) (Administrative divisions of Iran) Administrative divisions of Iran , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Iran) (Regions of Iran) Regions of Iran , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran) (Provinces of Iran) Provinces of Iran , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Iran) (Counties of Iran) Counties of Iran , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province) (List of cities in Iran by province) List of cities in Iran by province  Iran operates as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state) (Unitary state) unitary state [ 247]    [ 248]    and is subdivided into thirty-one (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province) (Province) provinces ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language) (Persian language) Persian :  استان (./Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text)  , ostân ), each governed from a local center, usually the largest local city, which is called the capital (Persian: (Persian-language text) مرکز  (./Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text)  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markaz_(country_subdivision)) (Markaz (country subdivision)) markaz  ) of that province. The provincial authority is headed by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-general) (Governor-general) governor-general ((Persian-language text) استاندار  (./Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text)  , ostândâr ), who is appointed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Iran)) (Ministry of Interior (Iran)) Minister of the Interior subject to the approval of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Iran) (Cabinet of Iran) the cabinet .[ 249]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blank-Map-Iran-With-Water-Bodies.PNG) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alborz_province) (Alborz province) Alborz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil_province) (Ardabil province) Ardabil  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushehr_province) (Bushehr province) Bushehr  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaharmahal_and_Bakhtiari_province) (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province) Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_province) (Isfahan province) Isfahan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_province) (Fars province) Fars  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan_province) (Gilan province) Gilan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golestan_province) (Golestan province) Golestan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadan_province) (Hamadan province) Hamadan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormozgan_province) (Hormozgan province) Hormozgan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilam_province) (Ilam province) Ilam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerman_province) (Kerman province) Kerman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermanshah_province) (Kermanshah province) Kermanshah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestan_province) (Khuzestan province) Khuzestan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohgiluyeh_and_Boyer-Ahmad_province) (Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province) Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_province) (Kurdistan province) Kurdistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorestan_province) (Lorestan province) Lorestan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markazi_province) (Markazi province) Markazi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazandaran_province) (Mazandaran province) Mazandaran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazvin_province) (Qazvin province) Qazvin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom_province) (Qom province) Qom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_province) (Razavi Khorasan province) Razavi Khorasan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semnan_province) (Semnan province) Semnan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province) (Sistan and Baluchestan province) Sistan and Baluchestan   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_province) (Tehran province) Tehran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazd_province) (Yazd province) Yazd  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanjan_province) (Zanjan province) Zanjan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Khorasan_province) (North Khorasan province) North Khorasan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Khorasan_province) (South Khorasan province) South Khorasan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_province) (West Azerbaijan province) West Azerbaijan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Azerbaijan_province) (East Azerbaijan province) East Azerbaijan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea) (Caspian Sea) Caspian Sea   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf) (Persian Gulf) Persian Gulf   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia) (Armenia) Armenia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) T u r k e y   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia     A map of Iran's provinces   Foreign relations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran) (Foreign relations of Iran) Foreign relations of Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diplomatic_relations_of_Iran.svg)   Nations with which Iran has diplomatic relations  Iran maintains diplomatic relations with 165 countries, but not the United States and Israel—a state which Iran derecognized in 1979.[ 250]    Iran has an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict) (Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict) adversarial relationship with Saudi Arabia due to different political ideologies. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Turkey_relations) (Iran–Turkey relations) Iran and Turkey have been involved in modern proxy conflicts such as in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caucasus) (South Caucasus) South Caucasus .[ 251]    [ 252]    [ 253]    However, they have shared common interests, such as the issue of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism) (Kurdish nationalism) Kurdish separatism and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis) (Qatar diplomatic crisis) Qatar diplomatic crisis .[ 254]    [ 255]    Iran has a close and strong relationship with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan .[ 256]    [ 257]    [ 258]    [ 259]    Iran also has a strong relationship with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Pakistan_relations) (Iran–Pakistan relations) Pakistan sharing common interests, such as the issue of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_separatism) (Baloch separatism) Baloch separatism .[ 260]     Iran formed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance) (Axis of Resistance) Axis of Resistance , a coalition of actors committed to countering the influence of the United States and Israel in the region.[ 261]    [ 262]    It most notably includes the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah) (Hezbollah) Hezbollah in Lebanon, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Resistance_in_Iraq) (Islamic Resistance in Iraq) Islamic Resistance and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces) (Popular Mobilization Forces) Popular Mobilization Forces in Iraq, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthis) (Houthis) Houthi movement in Yemen.[ j]    It sometimes[ 263]    [ 264]    includes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas) (Hamas) Hamas [ k]    and a variety of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence) (Palestinian political violence) other Palestinian militant groups .[ 265]    [ 266]    Iran has deep economic relations and alliance with Iraq, Lebanon, and did with Syria, which was described as Iran's "closest ally".[ 267]    [ 268]    [ 269]    In December 2024, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime) (Fall of the Assad regime) fall of the Assad regime in Syria, a close ally of Iran, was a severe setback for the political influence of Iran in the region.[ 270]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iranian_Foreign_Affaire_Ministry.jpg)   The building of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)) (Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)) Ministry of Foreign Affairs , which extensively uses (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture) (Achaemenid architecture) Achaemenid architecture in its facade, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Garden,_Tehran) (National Garden, Tehran) National Garden   Russia is a key trading partner, especially in regard to its excess oil reserves.[ 271]    [ 272]    Both share a close economic and military alliance and are subject to heavy sanctions by Western nations.[ 273]    [ 274]    [ 275]    [ 276]    Iran is the only country in Western Asia that has been invited to join the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization) (Collective Security Treaty Organization) CSTO , the Russia-based international treaty organization that parallels (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO) (NATO) NATO .[ 277]     Relations between Iran and China are strong economically; they have developed a friendly, economic and strategic relationship. In 2021, Iran and China signed a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–China_25-year_Cooperation_Program) (Iran–China 25-year Cooperation Program) 25-year cooperation agreement that will strengthen the relations between the two countries and would include "political, strategic and economic" components.[ 278]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Iran_relations) (China–Iran relations) Iran-China relations dates back to at least 200 BC and possibly earlier.[ 279]    [ 280]    Iran is one of the few countries in the world that has a good relationship with both (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea) (North Korea) North and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) (South Korea) South Korea .[ 281]    Iran is a member of dozens of international organizations, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_15) (Group of 15) G-15 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_24) (Group of 24) G-24 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77) (Group of 77) G-77 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency) (International Atomic Energy Agency) IAEA , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development) (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) IBRD , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Association) (International Development Association) IDA , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) NAM , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bank) (Islamic Development Bank) IDB , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation) (International Finance Corporation) IFC , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization) (International Labour Organization) ILO , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) IMF , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization) (International Maritime Organization) IMO , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol) (Interpol) Interpol , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) OIC , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC) (OPEC) OPEC , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization) (World Health Organization) WHO , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) UN , and currently has observer status at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization) (World Trade Organization) WTO .  Military  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran) (Military history of Iran) Military history of Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sejjil_missile_launch_-_November_2008_(21).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-range_ballistic_missile) (Medium-range ballistic missile) MRBM (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejjil) (Sejjil) Sejjil . Iran is the world's 6th (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile) (Ballistic missile) missile power , and the 5th country in the world with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_missile) (Hypersonic missile) hypersonic missile technology   The military is organized under a unified structure, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces) (Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces) Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces , comprising the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army) (Islamic Republic of Iran Army) Islamic Republic of Iran Army , which includes the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Ground_Forces) (Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces) Ground Forces , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Defense_Force) (Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force) Air Defence Force , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force) (Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force) Air Force , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy) (Islamic Republic of Iran Navy) Navy ; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps) (Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps) Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps , which consists of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Ground_Forces) (Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces) Ground Forces , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force) (Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force) Aerospace Force , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Navy) (Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy) Navy , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quds_Force) (Quds Force) Quds Force , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basij) (Basij) Basij ; and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Command_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran) (Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran) Police Command (Faraja), which serves an analogous function to a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie) (Gendarmerie) gendarme . While the IRIAF protects the country's sovereignty in a traditional capacity, the IRGC is mandated to ensure the integrity of the Republic against foreign interference, coups, and internal riots.[ 282]    In 2019, the United States under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) President Donald Trump officially labeled the Revolutionary Guard as a foreign terrorist organization. It is the first time that an element of a foreign state was designated as a terrorist organization.[ 283]    [ 284]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_Iran) (Conscription in Iran) Since 1925 , all male citizens aged 18 must serve around 14 months in the IRIAF or IRGC.[ 285]    [ 286]     Iran has over 610,000 active troops and around 350,000 reservists, which is at least over one million military personnel, one of the world's highest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel) (List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel) percentage of citizens with military training .[ 287]    [ 288]    [ 289]    [ 290]    The Basij, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary) (Paramilitary) paramilitary volunteer militia within the IRGC, has over 20 million members, 600,000 available for immediate call-up, 300,000 reservists, and one million that could be mobilized when necessary.[ 291]    [ 292]    [ 293]    Faraja, the Iranian uniformed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_force) (Police force) police force , has over 260,000 active personnel. Most statistical organizations do not include the Basij and Faraja in their rating reports. Iran ranks 7th in the number of active military personnel[ 294]    and 9th in size of both its ground force and armoured force. Iran's armed forces are the largest in West Asia and comprise the greatest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Aviation) (Army Aviation) Army Aviation fleet in the Middle East.[ 295]    [ 296]    [ 297]    Iran is among the top 15 countries in terms of military budget.[ 298]    In 2021, its military spending increased for the first time in four years, to $24.6 billion, 2.3% of the national GDP.[ 299]    Funding for the IRGC accounted for 34% of Iran's total military spending in 2021.[ 300]     Since the Islamic revolution, to overcome foreign embargoes, Iran has developed a domestic military industry capable of producing indigenous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank) (Tank) tanks , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier) (Armoured personnel carrier) armoured personnel carriers , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile) (Missile) missiles , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine) (Submarine) submarines , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_frigate_Jamaran) (Iranian frigate Jamaran) missile destroyer , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar) (Radar) radar systems, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter) (Helicopter) helicopters , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy) (Navy) naval vessels , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft) (Fighter aircraft) fighter planes .[ 301]    Official announcements have highlighted the development of advanced weaponry, particularly in rocketry.[ 302]    [ l]    Consequently, Iran has the largest and most diverse (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile) (Ballistic missile) ballistic missile arsenal in the Middle East and is only the 5th country in the world with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_missile) (Hypersonic missile) hypersonic missile technology .[ 303]    [ 304]    Iran designs and produces a variety of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle) (Unmanned aerial vehicle) unmanned aerial vehicles .[ 305]    [ 306]    [ 307]    It is one of the world's five countries with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberwarfare) (Cyberwarfare) cyberwarfare capabilities and is identified as "one of the most active players in the international cyber arena".[ 308]    [ 309]    [ 310]     Following Russia's purchase of Iranian drones during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022–present)) (Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)) Russo-Ukrainian war ,[ 311]    [ 312]    [ 313]    in November 2023, the IRIAF finalized arrangements to acquire Russian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-35) (Sukhoi Su-35) Sukhoi Su-35 fighter jets, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_Mi-28) (Mil Mi-28) Mil Mi-28 attack helicopters, air defense and missile systems.[ 314]    [ 315]    The Iranian Navy has had joint exercises with Russia and China.[ 316]      Nuclear program  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran) (Nuclear program of Iran) Nuclear program of Iran  Iran's nuclear program dates back to the 1950s.[ 317]    In the early 1970s, the Shah revived Iran's nuclear energy ambitions as he claimed that the country "needed alternative sources of fuel for the day when the oil reserves would be depleted."[ 318]    Iran expanded its nuclear program after the Islamic Revolution, and its extensive nuclear fuel cycle, including enrichment capabilities, became the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_on_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran) (Views on the nuclear program of Iran) subject of intense international negotiations and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions_against_Iran) (International sanctions against Iran) economic sanctions .[ 319]    Many countries have expressed concern Iran could divert civilian nuclear technology into a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction) (Iran and weapons of mass destruction) weapons program .[ 320]    In 2015, Iran and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P5+1) (P5+1) P5+1 agreed to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action) (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) Joint Comprehensive Plan on Action , which (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1929) (United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929) aimed to end economic sanctions in exchange for restriction in producing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uranium) (Enriched uranium) enriched uranium .[ 321]     In 2018, however, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action) (United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) US withdrew from the deal under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump) (First presidency of Donald Trump) Trump administration and reimposed sanctions. This was met with resistance by Iran and other members of the P5+1.[ 322]    [ 323]    [ 324]    A year later, Iran began decreasing its compliance.[ 325]    By 2020, Iran announced it would no longer observe any limit set by the agreement.[ 326]    [ 327]    Progress since then has brought Iran to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_latency) (Nuclear latency) nuclear threshold status .[ 328]    [ 329]    [ 325]    As of November 2023 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_November_2023)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , Iran had uranium enriched to up to 60% fissile content, close to weapon grade.[ 330]    [ 331]    [ 332]    [ 333]    Some analysts already regard Iran as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto) (De facto) de facto  nuclear power.[ 334]    [ 335]      Regional influence  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_influence_in_Lebanon) (Iranian influence in Lebanon) Iranian influence in Lebanon , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war) Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014–present)) (Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)) Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Axis_of_Resistance.svg)   Iran and its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence) (Sphere of influence) sphere of influence , known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance) (Axis of Resistance) Axis of Resistance   Iran's significant influence and foothold was sometimes characterized as the "Dawn of A New Persian Empire".[ 336]    [ 337]    [ 338]    [ 339]    Some analysts associated the Iranian influence to the nation's proud (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_nationalism) (Iranian nationalism) national legacy , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire) (Achaemenid Empire) empire and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran) (History of Iran) history .[ 340]    [ 341]    [ 342]     After the revolution, Iran grew its influence across and beyond the region.[ 343]    [ 344]    [ 345]    [ 346]    It built military forces with a wide network of state and none-state actors, starting with Hezbollah in Lebanon in 1982.[ 347]    [ 348]    The IRGC was key to Iranian influence, through its Quds Force.[ 349]    [ 350]    [ 351]    The instability in Lebanon (from the 1980s),[ 352]    Iraq (from 2003)[ 353]    and Yemen (from 2014)[ 354]    allowed Iran to build strong alliances and footholds beyond its borders. Iran had a prominent influence in the social services, education, economy and politics of Lebanon,[ 355]    [ 356]    and Lebanon provides Iran access to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea) (Mediterranean Sea) Mediterranean Sea .[ 357]    [ 358]    Hezbollah's strategic successes against Israel, such as its symbolic victory during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War) (2006 Lebanon War) 2006 Israel–Hezbollah War , elevated Iran's influence in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant) (Levant) Levant and strengthened its appeal across the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world) (Muslim world) Muslim world .[ 359]    [ 360]     After the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq) (2003 invasion of Iraq) US invasion of Iraq in 2003 and the arrival of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State) (Islamic State) ISIS in the mid-2010s, Iran financed and trained militia groups in Iraq.[ 361]    [ 362]    [ 363]    After the Iran-Iraq war and the fall of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein) (Saddam Hussein) Saddam Hussein , Iran shaped Iraq's politics.[ 364]    [ 365]    [ 366]    Following Iraq's struggle against ISIS in 2014, companies linked to the IRGC such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatam_al-Anbiya_Construction_Headquarters) (Khatam al-Anbiya Construction Headquarters) Khatam al-Anbiya , started to build roads, power plants, hotels and businesses in Iraq, creating an economic corridor worth around $9 billion before (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19) (COVID-19) COVID-19 .[ 367]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg)   Achaemenid Empire in 500 BC  During (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014–present)) (Yemeni civil war (2014–present)) Yemen's civil war Iran provided military support to the Houthis,[ 368]    [ 369]    [ 370]    a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydism) (Zaydism) Zaydi Shia movement fighting Yemen's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam) (Sunni Islam) Sunni government since 2004,[ 371]    [ 372]    which gained (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis) (Red Sea crisis) significant power .[ 373]    [ 374]    [ 375]    Iran has considerable influence in Afghanistan through militant groups such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun) (Liwa Fatemiyoun) Fatemiyoun Division [ 376]    [ 377]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah_Afghanistan) (Hezbollah Afghanistan) Hezbollah Afghanistan [ 378]    [ 379]    and also in Pakistan through militant groups such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwa_Zainabiyoun) (Liwa Zainabiyoun) Zainabiyoun Brigade [ 380]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipah-e-Muhammad_Pakistan) (Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan) Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan .[ 381]     In Syria, Iran supported President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) (Bashar al-Assad) Bashar al-Assad ;[ 382]    [ 383]    the two countries were long-standing allies.[ 384]    [ 361]    Iran provided significant military and economic support to Assad's government,[ 385]    [ 386]    so had a considerable foothold in Syria.[ 387]    [ 388]    Iran has long supported organizations in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa) (North Africa) North Africa in countries like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) (Tunisia) Tunisia . Iran embraced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas) (Hamas) Hamas in part to help undermine the popularity of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization) (Palestine Liberation Organization) Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO).[ 389]    Iran's support of Hamas emerged more clearly in later years.[ 390]    [ 391]    [ 392]    [ 393]    According to US intelligence, Iran does not have full control over these state and non-state groups.[ 394]      Censorship  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran) (Censorship in Iran) Censorship in Iran and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran) (Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran) Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran  Censorship is ranked among the most extreme worldwide.[ 395]    [ 396]    [ 397]    Iran has strict (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Iran) (Internet censorship in Iran) internet censorship , with the government persistently blocking social media and other sites.[ 398]    [ 399]    [ 400]    Since January 2021, authorities have blocked several social media platforms.[ 401]     The 2006 election results were widely disputed, resulting in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests) (2009 Iranian presidential election protests) protests .[ 402]    [ 403]    [ 404]    [ 405]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017–18_Iranian_protests) (2017–18 Iranian protests) 2017–18 Iranian protests swept across the country in response to the economic and political situation.[ 406]    It was formally confirmed that thousands of protesters were arrested.[ 407]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019–20_Iranian_protests) (2019–20 Iranian protests) 2019–20 Iranian protests started on 15 November in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahvaz) (Ahvaz) Ahvaz , and spread across the country after the government announced increases in fuel prices of up to 300%.[ 408]    A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Internet_blackout_in_Iran) (2019 Internet blackout in Iran) week-long total Internet shutdown marked one of the most severe Internet blackouts in any country, and the bloodiest governmental crackdown of the protestors.[ 409]    Tens of thousands were arrested and hundreds were killed within a few days according to multiple international observers, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International) (Amnesty International) Amnesty International .[ 410]      Human rights  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran) (Human rights in Iran) Human rights in Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EvinHouseofDetention.jpg)   The entrance to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evin_Prison) (Evin Prison) Evin Prison , established in 1972. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Media) (Vice Media) VICE describes the prison as the "legendary terrifying place that nobody wants to end up."[ 411]      The Iranian government has been denounced by various international organizations and governments for violating human rights.[ 412]    The government has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government. Iranian law does not recognise (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran) (LGBT rights in Iran) sexual orientations . Sexual activity between members of the same sex is illegal and is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty_for_homosexuality) (Death penalty for homosexuality) punishable by death .[ 413]    [ 414]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment) (Capital punishment) Capital punishment is a legal punishment, and Iran is reported to have the highest execution rate per capita in the world.[ 415]    [ 416]    [ 417]    UN Special Rapporteur (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javaid_Rehman) (Javaid Rehman) Javaid Rehman has reported discrimination against several ethnic minorities in Iran.[ 418]    A group of UN experts in 2022 urged Iran to stop "systematic persecution" of religious minorities, adding that members of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baháʼí_Faith) (Baháʼí Faith) Baháʼí Faith were arrested, barred from universities, or had their homes demolished.[ 419]    [ 420]    In 2024, a UN Special Rapporteur investigation concluded that Iran committed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide) (Genocide) genocide against its political and religious minorities during (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981–1982_Iran_Massacres) (1981–1982 Iran Massacres) 1981–1982 massacres and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_executions_of_Iranian_political_prisoners) (1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners) 1988 mass executions .[ 421]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752) (Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752) Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 was a scheduled international civilian passenger flight from Tehran to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv) (Kyiv) Kyiv , operated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines) (Ukraine International Airlines) Ukraine International Airlines . On 8 January 2020, the Boeing 737–800 flying the route was shot down by the IRGC shortly after takeoff, killing all 176 occupants on board and leading to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests) (Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests) protests . An international investigation led to the government admitting to the shootdown, calling it a "human error".[ 422]    [ 423]    Further (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests) (Mahsa Amini protests) protests against the government began on 16 September 2022 after a woman named (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Mahsa_Amini) (Death of Mahsa Amini) Mahsa Amini died in police custody following her arrest by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidance_Patrol) (Guidance Patrol) Guidance Patrol , known commonly as the "morality police".[ 424]    [ 425]    [ 426]    [ 427]    Government crackdown on the protests have been described by the UN to be (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity) (Crimes against humanity) crimes against humanity .[ 428]       Economy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Iran) (Economy of Iran) Economy of Iran  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidies_in_Iran) (Subsidies in Iran) Subsidies in Iran and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran) (Banking and insurance in Iran) Banking and insurance in Iran  As of 2024 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2024)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , Iran has the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 19th largest economy by PPP-adjusted GDP . It is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy) (Mixed economy) mixture of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy) (Planned economy) central planning , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_ownership) (State ownership) state ownership of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures.[ 429]    Services contribute the largest percentage of GDP, followed by industry ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Iran) (Mining in Iran) mining and manufacturing) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran) (Agriculture in Iran) agriculture .[ 430]    The economy is characterized by its hydrocarbon sector, manufacturing and financial services.[ 431]    With 10% of the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran's_oil_reserves) (Iran's oil reserves) oil reserves and 15% of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran's_Natural_Gas_Reserves) (Iran's Natural Gas Reserves) gas reserves , Iran is an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_superpower) (Energy superpower) energy superpower . Over (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_of_Iran) (Industry of Iran) 40 industries are directly involved in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange) (Tehran Stock Exchange) Tehran Stock Exchange . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tehran_Stock_Exchange_3513534.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange) (Tehran Stock Exchange) Tehran Stock Exchange   Tehran is the economic powerhouse of Iran.[ 432]    About 30% of Iran's public-sector workforce and 45% of its large industrial firms are located there, and half those firms' employees work for government.[ 433]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran) (Central Bank of Iran) Central Bank of Iran is responsible for developing and maintaining the currency: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_rial) (Iranian rial) Iranian rial . The government does not recognise (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Iran) (List of trade unions in Iran) trade unions other than the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_labor_law) (Iranian labor law) Islamic labour councils , which are subject to the approval of employers and the security services.[ 434]    Iran was the first country to introduce a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_basic_income) (Universal basic income) national basic income in Autumn 2010.[ 435]    Unemployment was 9% in 2022.[ 436]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Iran#Budget) (Politics of Iran) Budget deficits have been a chronic problem, mostly due to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidies_in_Iran) (Subsidies in Iran) large state subsidies , that include foodstuffs and especially petrol, totaling $100 billion in 2022 for energy alone.[ 437]    [ 438]    In 2010, the economic reform plan was to cut subsidies gradually and replace them with targeted social assistance. The objective is to move towards free market prices and increase productivity and social justice.[ 439]    The administration continues reform, and indicates it will diversify the oil-reliant economy. Iran has developed a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_in_Iran) (Biotechnology in Iran) biotechnology , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry_in_Iran) (Chemistry in Iran) nanotechnology , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran) (Pharmaceuticals in Iran) pharmaceutical industry.[ 440]    The government is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran) (Privatization in Iran) privatising industries . Iran has leading manufacturing industries in automobile manufacture, transportation, construction materials, home appliances, food and agricultural goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, information technology, and petrochemicals in the Middle East.[ 441]    It is among the world's top five producers of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apricot) (Apricot) apricots , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry) (Cherry) cherries , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumber) (Cucumber) cucumbers and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherkin) (Gherkin) gherkins , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palm#Description) (Date palm) dates , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_fig) (Common fig) figs , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistachio) (Pistachio) pistachios , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quince) (Quince) quinces , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut) (Walnut) walnuts , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwifruit) (Kiwifruit) Kiwifruit and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon) (Watermelon) watermelons .[ 442]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions_against_Iran) (International sanctions against Iran) International sanctions against Iran have damaged the economy.[ 443]    Iran is one of three countries that has not ratified the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement) (Paris Agreement) Paris Agreement to limit (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa) (Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa) climate change , although academics say it would be good for the country.[ 444]     Iran suffers from high inflation[ 445]    [ 446]    and especially (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_inflation_in_Iran) (Food inflation in Iran) surging food prices . A major contributing factor is the involvement of the IRGC in the economy,[ 447]    particularly in the agriculture and food sectors but also due to significant spending on the Axis of Resistance which increase the public deficit.[ 448]     Tourism  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran) (Tourism in Iran) Tourism in Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kish_Island,_Persian_Gulf,_Iran.jpg)   Around 12 million tourists visit (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kish_Island) (Kish Island) Kish Island annually.[ 449]      Tourism had been rapidly growing before the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) (COVID-19 pandemic) COVID-19 pandemic , reaching nearly nine million foreign visitors in 2019, the world's third fastest-growing tourism destination.[ 450]    [ 451]    In 2022 it expanded its share to 5% of the economy.[ 452]    Iran's tourism experienced a growth of 43% in 2023, attracting six million foreign tourists.[ 453]    The government ended visa requirements for 60 countries in 2023.[ 454]     98% of visits are for leisure, while 2% are for business, indicating the country's appeal as a tourist destination.[ 455]    Alongside the capital, the most popular tourist destinations are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan) (Isfahan) Isfahan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz) (Shiraz) Shiraz and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad) (Mashhad) Mashhad .[ 456]    Travellers from other West Asian countries grew 31% in the first seven months of 2023.[ 457]    Domestic tourism is one of the world's largest; Iranian tourists spent $33 billion in 2021.[ 458]    [ 459]    [ 460]    Iran projects investment of $32 billion in the tourism sector by 2026.[ 461]      Agriculture and fishery  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran) (Agriculture in Iran) Agriculture in Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ali_Azad.jpg)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field) (Paddy field) paddy field in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandpey) (Bandpey) Bandpey , northern Iran  Roughly one-third of Iran's surface area is suitable for farmland. Only 12% of the total land area is under cultivation, and less than one-third of the cultivated area is irrigated. The rest is devoted to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryland_farming) (Dryland farming) dryland farming . Some 92% of agricultural products depend on water.[ 462]    The western and northwestern portions of the country have the most fertile soils. Iran's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security) (Food security) food security index stands at around 96 percent.[ 463]    [ 464]     3% of Iran's land area is used for grazing and fodder production. Most of the grazing is done on mostly semi-dry rangeland in mountain areas and on areas surrounding the large deserts of central Iran. Progressive government efforts and incentives during the 1990s improved agricultural productivity, helping Iran toward its goal of reestablishing national self-sufficiency in food production. Access to the Caspian Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, and many river basins provides the potential to develop excellent fisheries. The government assumed control of commercial fishing in 1952. Expansion of the fishery infrastructure enabled Iran to harvest an estimated 700,000 tons of fish annually from the southern waters. Since the revolution, increased attention has been focused on producing fish from inland waters. Between 1976 and 2004, the combined take from inland waters by the state and private sectors increased from 1,100 tons to 110,175 tons.[ 465]    Iran is the world's largest producer and exporter of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviar) (Caviar) caviar , exporting more than 300 tonnes annually.[ 466]    [ 467]      Industry and services  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_of_Iran) (Industry of Iran) Industry of Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IKCO_Reera_01_2023-09-01.jpg)   Iran is the world's 16th largest car manufacturer, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Khodro) (Iran Khodro) IKCO being the largest in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East) (Middle East) Middle East , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia) (Central Asia) Central Asia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa) (North Africa) North Africa .[ 468]      In 2024, Iran was ranked 16th in global car manufacturing, ahead of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) UK , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy) (Italy) Italy , and Russia.[ 469]    [ 470]    It built 1.188 million cars in 2023, a 12% growth compared to the previous years. Iran exports cars to countries such as Venezuela, Russia and Belarus. From 2008 to 2009, Iran leaped to 28th place from 69th in annual industrial production growth rate.[ 471]    Iranian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_contractor) (General contractor) contractors have been awarded several foreign tender contracts in different fields of construction of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_Iran) (List of reservoirs and dams in Iran) dams , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Iran) (Transport in Iran) bridges, roads , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_in_Iran) (Construction in Iran) buildings , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways) (Islamic Republic of Iran Railways) railroads , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Iran) (List of power stations in Iran) power generation , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company) (National Iranian Oil Company) gas, oil and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Iranian_Petrochemical_Company) (National Iranian Petrochemical Company) petrochemical industries. In 2011, some 66 Iranian industrial companies were carrying out projects in 27 countries.[ 472]    Iran exported over $20 billion worth of technical and engineering services over 2001–2011. The availability of local raw materials, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Iran) (Mining in Iran) rich mineral reserves , experienced manpower have all played crucial role in winning the bids.[ 473]     45% of large industrial firms are located in Tehran, and almost half of their workers work for government.[ 474]    The Iranian retail industry is largely in the hands of cooperatives, many of them government-sponsored, and of independent retailers in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar) (Bazaar) bazaars . The bulk of food sales occur at street markets, where the Chief Statistics Bureau sets the prices.[ 475]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sam_Cafe,_Tehran_(39662980492).jpg)   Modern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehouse) (Coffeehouse) café in Tehran  Iran's automotive industry is the second most active industry of Iran, after its oil and gas industry. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Tractor_Manufacturing_Company) (Iran Tractor Manufacturing Company) ITMCO is the biggest tractor manufacturer in the Middle East. Iran is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production) (List of countries by motor vehicle production) 12th largest automaker in the world . Construction is one of the most important sectors in Iran. The annual (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue) (Revenue) turnover in the construction industry amounts to US$38.4 billion.[ 476]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran) (Central Bank of Iran) Central Bank of Iran indicates that 70 percent of the Iranians own homes, with huge amounts of idle money entering the housing market.[ 477]    [ 478]     Iran is ranked among 15 major mineral-rich countries.[ 479]    [ 480]    Iran has become self-sufficient in designing, building and operating dams and power plants. Iran is one of the six countries in the world that manufacture gas- and steam-powered turbines.[ 481]      Energy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Iran) (Energy in Iran) Energy in Iran  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran) (Petroleum industry in Iran) Petroleum industry in Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Pars_Onshore_Facilities_(8).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pars/North_Dome_Gas-Condensate_field) (South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field) South Pars Gas-Condensate field , the world's largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_field) (Gas field) gas field , holds 8% of Earth's gas reserves.[ 482]      Iran is an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_superpower) (Energy superpower) energy superpower , and petroleum plays a key part.[ 483]    [ 484]    As of 2023 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2023)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , Iran produced 4% of the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oil) (Crude oil) crude oil (3.6 million barrels (570,000  m 3 ) per day),[ 485]    which generates US$36bn[ 486]    of export revenue and is the main source of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_reserves) (Foreign reserves) foreign currency .[ 487]    Oil and gas reserves are estimated at 1.2 trn barrels;[ 488]    Iran holds 10% of world oil reserves and 15% for gas. Iran ranks 3rd in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves) (List of countries by proven oil reserves) oil reserves [ 489]    and is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC) (OPEC) OPEC 's 2nd largest exporter. Iran has the 2nd largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Iran) (Natural gas in Iran) gas reserves ,[ 490]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production) (List of countries by natural gas production) 3rd largest natural gas production . In 2019, Iran discovered a southern oil field of 50 bn barrels.[ 491]    [ 492]    [ 493]    [ 494]    In April 2024, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company) (National Iranian Oil Company) NIOC discovered 10 giant shale oil deposits, totaling 2.6 billion barrels.[ 495]    [ 496]    [ 497]     Iran manufactures 60–70% of its industrial equipment domestically, including turbines, pumps, catalysts, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery) (Oil refinery) refineries , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tanker) (Oil tanker) oil tankers , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig) (Drilling rig) drilling rigs , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform) (Oil platform) offshore platforms , towers, pipes, and exploration instruments.[ 498]    The addition of new (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity) (Hydroelectricity) hydroelectric stations and streamlining of conventional coal and oil-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33 GW; about 75% was based on natural gas, 18% on oil, and 7% on hydroelectric power. In 2004, Iran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants, and the first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power) (Solar power) solar thermal plant began in 2009. Iran is the world's third country to develop (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_to_liquids) (Gas to liquids) GTL technology.[ 499]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran) (Demographics of Iran) Demographic trends and intensified industrialization have caused electric power demand to grow by 8% per year. The government's goal of 53 GW of installed capacity by 2010 is to be reached by bringing on line (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Iran) (List of power stations in Iran) new gas-fired plants , and adding hydropower and nuclear generation capacity. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushehr_Nuclear_Power_Plant) (Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant) Iran's first nuclear power plant went online in 2011.[ 500]    [ 501]    Despite being an energy superpower, as of 2024, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_energy_crisis) (Iranian energy crisis) Iran suffers from an energy crisis , manifested by many power outages.[ 502]    [ 503]      Science and technology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran) (Science and technology in Iran) Science and technology in Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Incoming_Students_Celebration_98_Faculty_of_Marine_Engineering_AmirKabir_University_of_Technology.jpg)   Students of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amirkabir_University_of_Technology) (Amirkabir University of Technology) Amirkabir University of Technology in Tehran  Iran has made considerable advances in science and technology, despite international sanctions. In the biomedical sciences, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Biochemistry_and_Biophysics) (Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics) Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics has a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO) (UNESCO) UNESCO chair in biology.[ 504]    In 2006, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_contemporary_Iranian_scientists,_scholars,_and_engineers) (List of contemporary Iranian scientists, scholars, and engineers) Iranian scientists successfully (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning) (Cloning) cloned a sheep at the Royan Research Centre in Tehran.[ 505]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell) (Stem cell) Stem cell research is among the top 10 in the world.[ 506]    Iran ranks 15th in the world in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology) (Nanotechnology) nanotechnologies .[ 507]    [ 508]    [ 509]    Iranian scientists outside Iran have made major scientific contributions. In 1960, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Javan) (Ali Javan) Ali Javan co-invented the first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laser) (Gas laser) gas laser , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_set) (Fuzzy set) fuzzy set theory was introduced by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotfi_A._Zadeh) (Lotfi A. Zadeh) Lotfi A. Zadeh .[ 510]     Cardiologist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofy_Mussivand) (Tofy Mussivand) Tofy Mussivand invented and developed the first artificial cardiac pump, the precursor of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_heart) (Artificial heart) artificial heart . Furthering research in diabetes, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycated_hemoglobin) (Glycated hemoglobin) HbA1c was discovered by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Rahbar) (Samuel Rahbar) Samuel Rahbar . Many papers in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory) (String theory) string theory are published in Iran.[ 511]    In 2014, Iranian mathematician (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam_Mirzakhani) (Maryam Mirzakhani) Maryam Mirzakhani became the first woman, and Iranian, to receive the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Medal) (Fields Medal) Fields Medal , the highest prize in mathematics.[ 512]     Iran increased its publication output nearly tenfold from 1996 through 2004, and ranked first in output growth rate, followed by China.[ 513]    According to a study by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank) (SCImago Journal Rank) SCImago in 2012, Iran would rank fourth in research output by 2018, if the trend persisted.[ 514]    The Iranian humanoid robot (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surena_(robot)) (Surena (robot)) Sorena 2 , which was designed by engineers at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tehran) (University of Tehran) University of Tehran , was unveiled in 2010. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers) (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has placed the name of Surena among the five most prominent robots, after analysing its performance.[ 515]     According to a 2019 study by Isabel Campos-Varela et al., Iran recorded the highest proportion of retracted publications globally, with 15.52 retractions per 10,000 publications. Media reports from 2023 indicate that Iran continues to rank among the countries with the highest retraction rates. Common types of misconduct include fraudulent peer review processes, plagiarism, and data fabrication. Data from the Retraction Watch Leaderboard further highlights that two of the 32 individuals with the highest number of retracted articles worldwide are based in Iran.[ 516]    Iran was ranked 70th in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index) (Global Innovation Index) Global Innovation Index in 2025.[ 517]    [ 518]     Iranian Space Agency  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency) (Iranian Space Agency) Iranian Space Agency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Safir_navid_1.jpg)   Historic launch of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safir_(rocket)) (Safir (rocket)) Safir in 2012  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency) (Iranian Space Agency) Iranian Space Agency was established in 2004. Iran became an orbital-launch-capable nation in 2009[ 519]    and is a founding member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space) (United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space) United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space . Iran placed its domestically built satellite (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omid) (Omid) Omid into orbit on the 30th anniversary of the revolution, in 2009,[ 520]    through its first expendable launch vehicle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safir_(rocket)) (Safir (rocket)) Safir . It became the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country) (Timeline of first orbital launches by country) 9th country capable of both producing a satellite and sending it into space from a domestically made launcher.[ 521]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simorgh_(rocket)) (Simorgh (rocket)) Simorgh 's launch in 2016, is the successor of Safir.[ 522]     In January 2024, Iran launched the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soraya_(satellite)) (Soraya (satellite)) Soraya satellite into its highest orbit yet (750 km),[ 523]    [ 524]    a space launch milestone for the country.[ 525]    [ 526]    It was launched by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaem_100) (Qaem 100) Qaem 100 rocket .[ 527]    [ 528]    Iran also successfully launched 3 indigenous satellites, The Mahda, Kayan and Hatef,[ 529]    into orbit using the Simorgh carrier rocket.[ 530]    [ 531]    It was the first time in the country's history that it simultaneously sent three satellites into space.[ 532]    [ 533]    The three satellites are designed for testing advanced satellite subsystems, space-based positioning technology, and narrowband communication.[ 534]     In February 2024, Iran launched its domestically developed imaging satellite, Pars 1, from Russia into orbit.[ 535]    [ 536]    This was the second time since August 2022, when Russia launched another Iranian remote-sensing, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khayyam_satellite) (Khayyam satellite) Khayyam satellite , into orbit from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan) (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan , reflecting deep scientific cooperation between the countries.[ 537]    [ 538]       Telecommunication  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Iran) (Communications in Iran) Communications in Iran  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran) (Telecommunication Company of Iran) Telecommunication Company of Iran and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries) (Iran Electronics Industries) Iran Electronics Industries  The telecommunications industry is almost entirely state-owned, dominated by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran) (Telecommunication Company of Iran) Telecommunication Company of Iran . As of 2020, 70 million Iranians use high-speed mobile internet. Iran is among the first five countries which have had a growth rate of over 20 percent and the highest level of development in telecommunication.[ 539]    Iran has been awarded the UNESCO special certificate for providing telecommunication services to rural areas. Globally, Iran ranks 75th in mobile (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet) (Internet) internet speed and 153rd in fixed internet speed.[ 540]       Demographics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran) (Demographics of Iran) Demographics of Iran  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Provinces_of_Iran_by_population.svg)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iran_Counties_by_Population_(2021).svg)       Population of Iranian provinces and counties in 2021    (./Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   Iran's population grew rapidly from about 19 million in 1956 to about 85 million by February 2023.[ 541]    Iran's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_rate) (Total fertility rate) fertility rate has dropped dramatically, from 6.5 children born per woman to about 1.7 two decades later,[ 542]    [ 543]    [ 544]    leading to a population growth rate of about 1.39% in 2018.[ 545]    Due to its young population, studies project that the growth will continue to slow until it stabilises at around 105 million by 2050.[ 546]    [ 547]    [ 548]    [ 549]     Iran hosts one of the largest refugee populations, with almost one million,[ 550]    mostly from Afghanistan and Iraq.[ 551]    As of 2025, Iran was home to an estimated four million (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghans_in_Iran) (Afghans in Iran) Afghan migrants and refugees.[ 552]    According to the Iranian Constitution, the government is required to provide every citizen with access to social security, covering retirement, unemployment, old age, disability, accidents, calamities, health and medical treatment and care services.[ 553]    This is covered by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran) (Taxation in Iran) tax revenues and income derived from public contributions.[ 554]     Iran has one of the highest urban growth rates in the world. From 1950 to 2002, the urban proportion of the population increased from 27% to 60%.[ 555]    Iran's population is concentrated in its western half, especially in the north, north-west and west.[ 556]    Tehran, with a population of around 9.4 million, is Iran's capital and largest city. Iran's second most populous city, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad) (Mashhad) Mashhad , has a population of around 3.4 million, and is capital of the province of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_province) (Razavi Khorasan province) Razavi Khorasan . Isfahan has a population of around 2.2 million and is Iran's third most populous city. It is the capital of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_province) (Isfahan province) Isfahan province and was the third capital of the Safavid Empire.     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Iran) (Template:Largest cities of Iran) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Iran) (Template talk:Largest cities of Iran) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Iran) (Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Iran) (Edit this template) e     Largest cities or towns in Iran  2016 census    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_cities_by_population) (List of Iranian cities by population) Rank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran) (List of cities in Iran) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran) (Provinces of Iran) Province  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_cities_by_population) (List of Iranian cities by population) Pop.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_cities_by_population) (List of Iranian cities by population) Rank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran) (List of cities in Iran) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran) (Provinces of Iran) Province  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_cities_by_population) (List of Iranian cities by population) Pop.   1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran) (Tehran) Tehran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_province) (Tehran province) Tehran  8,693,706 11 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasht) (Rasht) Rasht  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan_province) (Gilan province) Gilan  679,995  2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad) (Mashhad) Mashhad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan) (Razavi Khorasan) Razavi Khorasan  3,001,184 12 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahedan) (Zahedan) Zahedan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province) (Sistan and Baluchestan province) Sistan and Baluchestan  587,730  3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan) (Isfahan) Isfahan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_province) (Isfahan province) Isfahan  1,961,260 13 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadan) (Hamadan) Hamadan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadan_province) (Hamadan province) Hamadan  554,406  4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaj) (Karaj) Karaj  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alborz_province) (Alborz province) Alborz  1,592,492 14 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerman) (Kerman) Kerman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerman_province) (Kerman province) Kerman  537,718  5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz) (Shiraz) Shiraz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_province) (Fars province) Fars  1,565,572 15 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazd) (Yazd) Yazd  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazd_province) (Yazd province) Yazd  529,673  6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz) (Tabriz) Tabriz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Azarbaijan) (East Azarbaijan) East Azarbaijan  1,558,693 16 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil) (Ardabil) Ardabil  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil_province) (Ardabil province) Ardabil  529,374  7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom) (Qom) Qom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom_province) (Qom province) Qom  1,201,158 17 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Abbas) (Bandar Abbas) Bandar Abbas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormozgan_province) (Hormozgan province) Hormozgan  526,648  8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahvaz) (Ahvaz) Ahvaz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestan) (Khuzestan) Khuzestan  1,184,788 18 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arak,_Iran) (Arak, Iran) Arak  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markazi_province) (Markazi province) Markazi  520,944  9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermanshah) (Kermanshah) Kermanshah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermanshah_province) (Kermanshah province) Kermanshah  946,651 19 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslamshahr) (Eslamshahr) Eslamshahr  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_province) (Tehran province) Tehran  448,129  10 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmia) (Urmia) Urmia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azarbaijan_province) (West Azarbaijan province) West Azarbaijan  736,224 20 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanjan,_Iran) (Zanjan, Iran) Zanjan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanjan_province) (Zanjan province) Zanjan  430,871     (./Category:Pages_using_largest_cities_with_class#info%20)   Ethnic groups  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicities_in_Iran) (Ethnicities in Iran) Ethnicities in Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iran_ethnoreligious_distribution_2004.jpg)   Colour-coded map of Iran's ethnic groups  Ethnic group composition remains a point of debate, mainly regarding the largest and second largest ethnic groups, the Persians and Azerbaijanis, due to the lack of Iranian state censuses based on ethnicity. According to a 2003 estimate, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians) (Persians) Persians make up 51% of the population, while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis) (Iranian Azerbaijanis) Azerbaijanis make up 24%, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilaks) (Gilaks) Gilaks and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazanderani_people) (Mazanderani people) Mazanderanis 8%, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran) (Kurds in Iran) Kurds 7%, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Arabs) (Iranian Arabs) Arabs 3%, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurs) (Lurs) Lurs 2%, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people) (Baloch people) Balochis 2%, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens) (Iranian Turkmens) Turkmens 2%, and other groups (including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Armenians) (Iranian Armenians) Armenians , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Jews) (Iranian Jews) Jews , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran) (Assyrians in Iran) Assyrians , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qashqai_people) (Qashqai people) Qashqai , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahsevan) (Shahsevan) Shahsevan ) make up the remaining 1%.[ 557]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook at 2011 gives the same figures.[ 558]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress) (Library of Congress) Library of Congress in 2008 issued slightly different estimates: 65% Persians (also including Gilaks and Mazenderanis[ m]    ), 16% Azerbaijanis, 7% Kurds, 6% Lurs, 2% Arabs, 2% Balochis, 1% Turkic tribal groups (such as Qashqai), and non-Persian, non-Turkic groups (including Armenians, Assyrians, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Georgians) (Iranian Georgians) Georgians ) less than 1%.[ 560]     Minorities in Iran have been disproportionately affected by the ongoing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran) (Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran) crackdown aimed at repressing the "Woman, Life, Freedom" movement, according to the UN Fact-Finding Mission.[ 561]      Languages  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Iran) (Languages of Iran) Languages of Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I_am_Cyrus,_Achaemenid_King_-_Pasargady01.jpg)   "I am (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great) (Cyrus the Great) Cyrus the king, an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire) (Achaemenid Empire) Achaemenid ", in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform) (Old Persian cuneiform) Old Persian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamite_language) (Elamite language) Elamite and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language) (Akkadian language) Akkadian languages; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasargadae) (Pasargadae) Pasargadae , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site) (World Heritage Site) World Heritage Site   Most of the population speaks (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language) (Persian language) Persian , Iran's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language) (Official language) official and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_language) (National language) national language .[ 562]    Others include speakers of other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages) (Iranian languages) Iranian languages , within the greater (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages) (Indo-European languages) Indo-European family, and languages belonging to other ethnicities. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilaki_language) (Gilaki language) Gilaki and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazanderani_language) (Mazanderani language) Mazenderani languages are widely spoken in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan_Province) (Gilan Province) Gilan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazandaran_Province) (Mazandaran Province) Mazenderan , northern Iran. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talysh_language) (Talysh language) Talysh language is spoken in parts of Gilan. Varieties of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_languages) (Kurdish languages) Kurdish are concentrated in the province of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Province) (Kurdistan Province) Kurdistan and nearby areas. In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestan_Province) (Khuzestan Province) Khuzestan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_dialects_in_Khuzestan) (Persian dialects in Khuzestan) several dialects of Persian are spoken. South Iran also houses the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luri_language) (Luri language) Luri and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achomi_language) (Achomi language) Lari languages. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language) (Azerbaijani language) Azerbaijani , the most-spoken minority language in Iran,[ 563]    and other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages) (Turkic languages) Turkic languages and dialects are found in various regions, especially (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)) (Azerbaijan (Iran)) Azerbaijan . Notable minority languages include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language) (Armenian language) Armenian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language) (Georgian language) Georgian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages) (Neo-Aramaic languages) Neo-Aramaic , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabic) (Khuzestani Arabic) Khuzi Arabic is spoken by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahwazi_Arabs) (Ahwazi Arabs) Arabs in Khuzestan , and the wider group of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Arabs) (Iranian Arabs) Iranian Arabs . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassian_languages) (Circassian languages) Circassian was once widely spoken by the large Circassian minority, but, due to assimilation, no sizable number of Circassians speak the language anymore.[ 564]    [ 565]    [ 566]    [ 567]      Religion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Iran) (Religion in Iran) Religion in Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RezaShrine.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Reza_shrine) (Imam Reza shrine) Imam Reza shrine in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad) (Mashhad) Mashhad is the most sacred site in Iran and a major center of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Shia_Islam) (Holiest sites in Shia Islam) pilgrimage for Shia Muslims , containing the mausoleum of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Rida) (Ali al-Rida) eighth Imam .  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi'ism) (Twelver Shi'ism) Twelver Shi'a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion) (State religion) state religion , which 90–95% of Iranians adhere to according to both official and unofficial sources, such as the CIA.[ 568]    [ 569]    [ 570]    [ 571]    [ 572]    About 5–10% of the population follow the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam) (Sunni Islam) Sunni branch of Islam, mainly the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi_school) (Hanafi school) Hanafi school .[ 573]    [ 574]     The Sunni branch of Islam, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity) (Christianity) Christianity , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism) (Judaism) Judaism , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism) (Zoroastrianism) Zoroastrianism are officially recognized by the government and have reserved seats in the Parliament.[ 575]    There is a large population of adherents to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarsanism) (Yarsanism) Yarsanism , a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran) (Kurds in Iran) Kurdish indigenous religion, estimated to comprise 500,000 to 1,000,000 followers.[ 576]    [ 577]    [ 578]    [ 579]    [ 580]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baháʼí_Faith) (Baháʼí Faith) Baháʼí Faith is not officially recognized and has been subject to official persecution; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Baháʼís) (Persecution of Baháʼís) persecution of Baháʼís has increased since the revolution.[ 581]    [ 582]    [ 583]    Freedom of religion is limited, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion) (Irreligion) irreligion is not recognized by the government and conversion away from Islam is persecuted.[ 584]    Iran is home to the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world and the Middle East, outside of Israel.[ 585]    [ 586]    Around 250,000 to 370,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran) (Christianity in Iran) Christians reside in Iran , and it is the largest recognized minority religion. Most are of Armenian background, as well as a sizable minority of Assyrians.[ 587]    [ 588]    [ 589]    The Iranian government has supported the rebuilding and renovation of Armenian churches and has supported the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Monastic_Ensembles_of_Iran) (Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran) Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran . In 2019, the government registered the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vank_Cathedral) (Vank Cathedral) Vank Cathedral in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan) (Isfahan) Isfahan as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site) (World Heritage Site) World Heritage Site . Three Armenian churches in Iran are included in the World Heritage List.[ 590]    [ 591]      Education  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Iran) (Education in Iran) Education in Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TehranUniversityEntrancePanorama.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tehran) (University of Tehran) University of Tehran , the oldest Iranian university (1851), and among the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings) (College and university rankings) world's top universities   Education is highly centralized. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K–12) (K–12) K–12 is supervised by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Iran)) (Ministry of Education (Iran)) Ministry of Education . Higher education is supervised by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science,_Research_and_Technology_(Iran)) (Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (Iran)) Ministry of Science and Technology . Literacy among people aged 15 and older was 86% as of 2016 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , with men (90%) significantly more literate than women (81%). Government expenditure on education is around 4% of GDP.[ 592]     The requirement to enter into higher education is to have a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_diploma) (High school diploma) high school diploma and pass the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_University_Entrance_Exam) (Iranian University Entrance Exam) Iranian University Entrance Exam . Many students do a one–two-year course of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University-preparatory_school) (University-preparatory school) pre-university .[ 593]    Iran's higher education has different levels of diplomas, including an associate degree in two years, a bachelor's degree in four years, and a master's degree in two years, after which another exam allows the candidate to pursue a doctoral programme.[ 594]      Health  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Iran) (Health in Iran) Health in Iran  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran) (Healthcare in Iran) Healthcare in Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Razavihospital_faz2.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Hospital) (Razavi Hospital) Razavi Hospital , accredited by ACI[ 595]    for its quality health services[ 596]      Healthcare is provided by the public-governmental system, the private sector, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization) (Non-governmental organization) NGOs .[ 597]    Iran is the only country in the world with a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_trade#Iran) (Organ trade) legal organ trade .[ 598]    Iran has been able to extend public health (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_medicine) (Preventive medicine) preventive services through the establishment of an extensive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Health_Centre) (Primary Health Centre) Primary Health Care Network . As a result, child and maternal mortality rates have fallen significantly, and life expectancy at birth has risen. Iran's medical knowledge rank is 17th globally and 1st in the Middle East and North Africa. In terms of medical science production index, Iran ranks 16th in the world.[ 599]    Iran is fast emerging as a preferred destination for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_tourism) (Medical tourism) medical tourism .[ 600]     Iran faces the common problem of other young demographic nations in the region, which is keeping pace with growth of an already huge demand for public services. An anticipated increase in the population growth rate will increase the need for public health infrastructures and services.[ 601]    In 2016, about 90% of Iranians had health insurance.[ 602]       Culture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Iran) (Culture of Iran) Culture of Iran  Art  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_art) (Persian art) Iranian art , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_of_Iran) (Arts of Iran) Arts of Iran , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art) (Iranian modern and contemporary art) Iranian modern and contemporary art  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirror_Hall_by_Kamal-ol-molk.JPG)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal-ol-molk) (Kamal-ol-molk) Kamal-ol-molk 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_Hall) (Mirror Hall) Mirror Hall of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golestan_Palace) (Golestan Palace) Golestan Palace , often considered a starting point in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art) (Iranian modern and contemporary art) Iranian modern art [ 603]      Iran has one of the richest art heritages in history and been strong in many media including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture) (Architecture) architecture , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting) (Painting) painting , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature) (Literature) literature , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music) (Music) music , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalworking) (Metalworking) metalworking , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonemasonry) (Stonemasonry) stonemasonry , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving) (Weaving) weaving , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy) (Calligraphy) calligraphy and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture) (Sculpture) sculpture . At different times, influences from neighboring civilizations have been important, and latterly Persian art gave and received major influences as part of the wider styles of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art) (Islamic art) Islamic art . From the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC), the courts of successive dynasties led the style of Persian art, and court-sponsored art left many of the most impressive pieces that remain. The Islamic style of dense decoration, geometrically laid out, developed in Iran into an elegant and harmonious style, combining motifs derived from plants with Chinese motifs such as the cloud-band, and often animals represented at a smaller scale. During the Safavid Empire in the 16th century, this style was used across a variety of media, and diffused from the court artists of the king, most being painters.[ 604]     By the time of the Sasanians, Iranian art had a renaissance.[ 605]    During the Middle Ages, Sasanian art played a prominent role in the formation of European and Asian mediaeval art.[ 606]    [ 607]    [ 608]    [ 609]    The Safavid era is known as the Golden Age of Iranian art.[ 610]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_art) (Safavid art) Safavid art exerted noticeable influences upon the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottomans , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire) (Mughal Empire) Mughals , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_sultanates) (Deccan sultanates) Deccans , and was influential through its fashion and garden architecture on 11th–17th-century Europe. Iran's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art) (Iranian modern and contemporary art) contemporary art traces its origins to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal-ol-molk) (Kamal-ol-molk) Kamal-ol-molk , a prominent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts)) (Realism (arts)) realist painter at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty) (Qajar dynasty) Qajar court who affected the norms of painting and adopted a naturalistic style that would compete with photographic works. A new Iranian school of fine art was established by him in 1928, and was followed by the so-called "coffeehouse" style of painting. Iran's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde) (Avant-garde) avant-garde modernists emerged by the arrival of new western influences during World War II. The contemporary art scene originates in the late 1940s, and Tehran's first modern art gallery, Apadana, was opened in 1949 by Mahmud Javadipur, Hosein Kazemi, and Hushang Ajudani.[ 611]    The new movements received official encouragement by the 1950s,[ 612]    which led to the emergence of artists such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_Grigorian) (Marcos Grigorian) Marcos Grigorian .[ 613]      Architecture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_architecture) (Iranian architecture) Iranian architecture and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_gardens) (Persian gardens) Persian gardens  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chehel_Sotoon.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chehel_Sotoun) (Chehel Sotoun) Chehel Sotoun Palace in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan) (Isfahan) Isfahan , built during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran) (Safavid Iran) Safavid Empire with example of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talar) (Talar) talar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site) (World Heritage Site) World Heritage Site   The history of architecture in Iran dates back to at least 5,000 BC, with characteristic examples distributed over an area from what is now Turkey and Iraq to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, and from the Caucasus to Zanzibar. The Iranians made early use of mathematics, geometry and astronomy in their architecture, yielding a tradition with structural and aesthetic variety.[ 614]    The guiding (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)) (Motif (visual arts)) motif is its cosmic symbolism.[ 615]     In addition to historic gates, palaces, and mosques, the rapid growth of cities such as Tehran has brought a wave of construction. Iran ranks 7th among UNESCO's list of countries with the most archaeological ruins and attractions from antiquity.[ 616]      World Heritage Sites  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran) (List of World Heritage Sites in Iran) List of World Heritage Sites in Iran and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_National_Heritage_List) (Iran National Heritage List) Iran National Heritage List  Iran's rich culture and history is reflected by its 29 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site) (World Heritage Site) World Heritage Sites , ranking 1st in the Middle East, and 10th in the world. These include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persepolis) (Persepolis) Persepolis , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqsh-e_Jahan_Square) (Naqsh-e Jahan Square) Naghsh-e Jahan Square , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil) (Chogha Zanbil) Chogha Zanbil , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasargadae) (Pasargadae) Pasargadae , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golestan_Palace) (Golestan Palace) Golestan Palace , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arg-e_Bam) (Arg-e Bam) Arg-e Bam , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistun_Inscription) (Behistun Inscription) Behistun Inscription , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh) (Shahr-e Sukhteh) Shahr-e Sukhteh , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa) (Susa) Susa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takht-e_Soleymān) (Takht-e Soleymān) Takht-e Soleyman , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrcanian_forests) (Hyrcanian forests) Hyrcanian forests , the city of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazd) (Yazd) Yazd and more. Iran has 26 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage) (Intangible cultural heritage) Intangible cultural heritage , or Human treasures, which ranks 4th worldwide.[ 617]    [ 618]      Weaving  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_carpet) (Persian carpet) Persian carpet , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz_rug) (Tabriz rug) Tabriz rug , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil_Carpet) (Ardabil Carpet) Ardabil Carpet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pazyryk_carpet.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazyryk_burials#Pazyryk_rug) (Pazyryk burials) Pazyryk Carpet , circa 400 BC, is considered world's the oldest known surviving carpet  Iran's carpet-weaving has its origins in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age) (Bronze Age) Bronze Age and is one of the most distinguished manifestations of Iranian art. Carpet weaving is an essential part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_culture) (Persian culture) Persian culture and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_art) (Iranian art) Iranian art . Persian rugs and carpets were woven in parallel by nomadic tribes in village and town workshops, and by royal court manufactories. As such, they represent simultaneous lines of tradition, and reflect the history of Iran, Persian culture, and its various peoples. Although the term "Persian carpet" most often refers to pile-woven textiles, flat-woven carpets and rugs like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilim) (Kilim) Kilim , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soumak_rug) (Soumak rug) Soumak , and embroidered tissues like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzani_(textile)) (Suzani (textile)) Suzani are part of the manifold tradition of Persian carpet weaving. Iran produces three-quarters of the world's handmade carpets, and has 30% of export markets.[ 619]    [ 620]    In 2010, the "traditional skills of carpet weaving" in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_province) (Fars province) Fars province and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashan) (Kashan) Kashan were inscribed to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists) (UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists) UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List.[ 621]    [ 622]    [ 623]    Within the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_rug) (Oriental rug) Oriental rugs produced by the countries of the "rug belt", the Persian carpet stands out by the variety and elaborateness of its manifold designs.[ 624]     Carpets woven in towns and regional centers like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz_rug) (Tabriz rug) Tabriz , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerman_carpet) (Kerman carpet) Kerman , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravar) (Ravar) Ravar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neyshabour) (Neyshabour) Neyshabour , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad) (Mashhad) Mashhad , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashan) (Kashan) Kashan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_rug) (Isfahan rug) Isfahan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nain_rug) (Nain rug) Nain and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom_rug) (Qom rug) Qom are characterized by their specific weaving techniques and use of high-quality materials, colours and patterns. Hand-woven Persian rugs and carpets have been regarded as objects of high artistic value and prestige, since they were mentioned by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek) (Ancient Greek) ancient Greek writers.  Literature  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_in_Iran) (Literature in Iran) Literature in Iran  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_literature) (Iranian literature) Iranian literature  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hafez_880714_095.jpg)   Tombs of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez) (Hafez) Hafez   Iran's oldest literary tradition is that of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestan) (Avestan) Avestan , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages#Old_Iranian) (Iranian languages) Old Iranian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_language) (Sacred language) sacred language of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avesta) (Avesta) Avesta , which consists of the legendary and religious texts of Zoroastrianism and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion) (Ancient Iranian religion) ancient Iranian religion .[ 625]    [ 626]    The Persian language was used and developed through (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persianate_society) (Persianate society) Persianate societies in Asia Minor, Central Asia, and South Asia, leaving extensive influences on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_poetry) (Ottoman poetry) Ottoman and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent) (Persian language in the Indian subcontinent) Mughal literatures , among others. Iran has several famous medieval poets, notably (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi) (Rumi) Rumi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi) (Ferdowsi) Ferdowsi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez) (Hafez) Hafez , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi) (Saadi Shirazi) Saadi Shirazi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Khayyam) (Omar Khayyam) Omar Khayyam , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi) (Nizami Ganjavi) Nizami Ganjavi .[ 627]     Described as one of the great literatures of humanity,[ 628]    including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe) (Goethe) Goethe 's assessment of it as one of the four main bodies of world literature,[ 629]    Persian literature has its roots in surviving works of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian) (Middle Persian) Middle Persian and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian) (Old Persian) Old Persian , the latter of which dates back as far as 522 BC, the date of the earliest surviving Achaemenid inscription, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistun_Inscription) (Behistun Inscription) Behistun Inscription . The bulk of surviving Persian literature, however, comes from the times following the Muslim conquest in (circa) c. 650 AD. After the Abbasids came to power (750 AD), the Iranians became the scribes and bureaucrats of the Islamic Caliphate and, increasingly, also its writers and poets. The New Persian language literature arose and flourished in Khorasan and Transoxiana because of political reasons, early Iranian dynasties of post-Islamic Iran, such as the Tahirids and Samanids, being based in Khorasan.[ 630]      Museums  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Iran) (List of museums in Iran) List of museums in Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Národní_muzeum_Íránu.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran) (National Museum of Iran) National Museum of Iran in Tehran  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran) (National Museum of Iran) National Museum of Iran in Tehran is the country's most important cultural institution. As the first and biggest museum in Iran, the institution includes the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Iran) (Museum of Ancient Iran) Museum of Ancient Iran and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Islamic_Era) (Museum of the Islamic Era) Museum of the Islamic Era . The National Museum is the world's most important museum in terms of preservation, display and research of archaeological collections of Iran,[ 631]    and ranks as one of the few most prestigious museums globally in terms of volume, diversity and quality of its monuments.[ 631]     There are many other popular museums across the country such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golestan_Palace) (Golestan Palace) Golestan Palace ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site) (World Heritage Site) World Heritage Site ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_of_National_Jewels) (Treasury of National Jewels) The Treasury of National Jewels , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Abbasi_Museum) (Reza Abbasi Museum) Reza Abbasi Museum , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art) (Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art) Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa'dabad_Complex) (Sa'dabad Complex) Sa'dabad Complex , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpet_Museum_of_Iran) (Carpet Museum of Iran) The Carpet Museum , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgineh_Museum_of_Tehran) (Abgineh Museum of Tehran) Abgineh Museum , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars_Museum) (Pars Museum) Pars Museum , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Museum) (Azerbaijan Museum) Azerbaijan Museum , Hegmataneh Museum, Susa Museum and more. Around 25 million people visited the museums in 2019.[ 632]    [ 633]      Music and dance  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Iran) (Music of Iran) Music of Iran and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_dance) (Iranian dance) Iranian dance  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_of_Persepolis_Darafsh_(16)_(cropped).JPG)     A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnay) (Karnay) Karnay , an ancient Iranian musical instrument from the 6th century BC, kept at the Persepolis Museum   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dancers_on_a_piece_of_ceramic_from_CheshmeAli,_Iran,_5000_BC,_Louvre.jpg)     Dancers on a piece of ceramic from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshmeh-Ali_(Shahr-e-Rey)) (Cheshmeh-Ali (Shahr-e-Rey)) Cheshmeh-Ali , 5000 BC     Iran is the apparent birthplace of the earliest complex instruments, dating to the 3rd millennium BC.[ 634]    The use of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_harp) (Angular harp) angular harps have been documented at Madaktu and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul-e_Farah) (Kul-e Farah) Kul-e Farah , with the largest collection of Elamite instruments documented at Kul-e Farah. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophon) (Xenophon) Xenophon 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyropaedia) (Cyropaedia) Cyropaedia  mentions singing women at the court of the Achaemenid Empire. Under the Parthian Empire, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusans) (Gusans) gōsān  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_language) (Parthian language) Parthian for 'minstrel') had a prominent role.[ 635]    [ 636]     The history of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_music) (Sasanian music) Sasanian music is better documented than earlier periods and is especially more evident in Avestan texts.[ 637]    By the time of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrow_II) (Khosrow II) Khosrow II , the Sasanian royal court hosted prominent musicians, namely Azad, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamshad) (Bamshad) Bamshad , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbad) (Barbad) Barbad , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagisa_(harpist)) (Nagisa (harpist)) Nagisa , Ramtin, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkash) (Sarkash) Sarkash . Iranian traditional musical instruments include string instruments such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_(instrument)) (Chang (instrument)) chang ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp) (Harp) harp ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanun_(instrument)) (Qanun (instrument)) qanun , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santur) (Santur) santur , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rud) (Rud) rud ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud) (Oud) oud , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbat_(lute)) (Barbat (lute)) barbat ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(string_instrument)) (Tar (string instrument)) tar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutar) (Dutar) dotar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setar) (Setar) setar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanbur) (Tanbur) tanbur , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamancheh) (Kamancheh) kamanche , wind instruments such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorna) (Sorna) sorna ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurna) (Zurna) zurna , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnay) (Karnay) karna ) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ney) (Ney) ney , and percussion instruments such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonbak) (Tonbak) tompak , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kus) (Kus) kus , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daf) (Daf) daf ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayereh) (Dayereh) dayere ), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqareh) (Naqareh) naqare . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Symphony_Orchestra) (Tehran Symphony Orchestra) Tehran Symphony Orchestra was founded in 1933. By the late 1940s, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khaleqi) (Ruhollah Khaleqi) Ruhollah Khaleqi founded the country's first national music society and established the School of National Music in 1949.[ 638]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_pop_music) (Iranian pop music) Iranian pop music has its origins in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_Iran) (Qajar Iran) Qajar era .[ 639]    It was significantly developed since the 1950s, using indigenous instruments and forms accompanied by electric guitar and other imported characteristics. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_rock) (Iranian rock) Iranian rock emerged in the 1960s and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop) (Iranian hip hop) hip hop in the 2000s.[ 640]    [ 641]     Iran has known dance in the forms of music, play, drama or religious rituals since at least the 6th millennium BC. Artifacts with pictures of dancers were found in archaeological prehistoric sites.[ 642]    Genres of dance vary depending on the area, culture, and language of the local people, and can range from sophisticated reconstructions of refined court dances to energetic folk dances.[ 643]    Each group, region, and historical epoch has specific dance styles associated with it. The earliest researched dance from historic Iran is a dance worshipping Mithra. Ancient Persian dance was significantly researched by Greek historian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus) (Herodotus) Herodotus . Iran was occupied by foreign powers, causing a slow disappearance of heritage dance traditions. The Qajar era had an important influence on Persian dance. In this period, a style of dance began to be called "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Persian_dance) (Classical Persian dance) classical Persian dance ". Dancers performed artistic dances in court for entertainment purposes such as coronations, marriage celebrations, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz) (Nowruz) Norouz celebrations. In the 20th century, the music came to be orchestrated and dance movement and costuming gained a modernistic orientation to the West.  Media  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Iran) (Media of Iran) Media of Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IRIB_Building.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting) (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting) IRIB , the Iranian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_media) (State media) state-controlled media corporation  Iran's largest media corporation is the state-owned (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting) (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting) IRIB . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Islamic_Guidance) (Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance) Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance is responsible for the cultural policy, including activities regarding communications and information.[ 644]    Most of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran) (List of newspapers in Iran) newspapers published in Iran are in Persian, the country's official and national language. The country's most widely circulated periodicals are based in Tehran, among which are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etemad) (Etemad) Etemad  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettela'at) (Ettela'at) Ettela'at  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayhan) (Kayhan) Kayhan  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamshahri) (Hamshahri) Hamshahri  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resalat_(newspaper)) (Resalat (newspaper)) Resalat  , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shargh) (Shargh) Shargh  .[ 459]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Times) (Tehran Times) Tehran Times  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_(newspaper)) (Iran (newspaper)) Iran Daily  , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Tribune) (Financial Tribune) Financial Tribune  are among the famous English-language newspapers based in Iran. Iran ranks 17th among (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users) (List of countries by number of Internet users) countries by number of Internet users . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search) (Google Search) Google Search is Iran's most widely used search engine and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram) (Instagram) Instagram is the most popular online (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_service) (Social networking service) social networking service .[ 645]    Direct access to many worldwide mainstream websites has been blocked in Iran, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook) (Facebook) Facebook , which has been blocked since 2009. About 90% of Iran's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce) (E-commerce) e-commerce takes place on the Iranian online store (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digikala) (Digikala) Digikala , which has around 750,000 visitors per day and is the most visited online store in the Middle East.[ 646]     Arrests of journalists critical of the government have increased since 2022 according to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders) (Reporters Without Borders) Reporters Without Borders .[ 647]      Cuisine  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_cuisine) (Iranian cuisine) Iranian cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelow_kabab) (Chelow kabab) Chelow kabab (rice and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebab) (Kebab) kebab ), one of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran's_national_dishes) (Iran's national dishes) Iran's national dishes   Iranian main dishes include varieties of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebab) (Kebab) kebab , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaf) (Pilaf) pilaf , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stew) (Stew) stew ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoresh) (Khoresh) khoresh ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup) (Soup) soup and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Āsh) (Āsh) āsh , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omelette) (Omelette) omelette . Lunch and dinner meals are commonly accompanied by side dishes such as plain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogurt) (Yogurt) yogurt or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzatziki) (Tzatziki) mast-o-khiar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabzi_khordan) (Sabzi khordan) sabzi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirazi_salad) (Shirazi salad) salad Shirazi , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tursu) (Tursu) torshi , and might follow dishes such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borani) (Borani) borani , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghassemi) (Mirza Ghassemi) Mirza Qasemi , or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashk_e_bademjan) (Kashk e bademjan) kashk e bademjan . In Iranian culture, tea is widely consumed.[ 648]    [ 649]    Iran is the world's seventh major tea producer.[ 650]    One of Iran's most popular desserts is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faloodeh) (Faloodeh) falude .[ 651]    There is also the popular saffron ice cream, known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastani_Sonnati) (Bastani Sonnati) Bastani Sonnati  ("traditional ice cream"),[ 652]    which is sometimes accompanied with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot_juice) (Carrot juice) carrot juice .[ 653]    Iran is also famous for its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviar) (Caviar) caviar .[ 654]     Typical Iranian main dishes are combinations of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice) (Rice) rice with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat) (Meat) meat , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable) (Vegetable) vegetables and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)) (Nut (fruit)) nuts . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices) (List of culinary herbs and spices) Herbs are frequently used, along with fruits such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum) (Plum) plums , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate) (Pomegranate) pomegranates , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quince) (Quince) quince , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prune) (Prune) prunes , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apricot) (Apricot) apricots and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisin) (Raisin) raisins . Characteristic Iranian spices and flavourings such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron) (Saffron) saffron , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom) (Cardamom) cardamom , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_lime) (Dried lime) dried lime and other sources of sour flavoring, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon) (Cinnamon) cinnamon , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric) (Turmeric) turmeric and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsley) (Parsley) parsley are mixed and used in various dishes.  Sports  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Iran) (Sport in Iran) Sport in Iran  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dizin_ski_resort.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizin) (Dizin) Dizin , biggest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_resort) (Ski resort) ski resort in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East) (Middle East) Middle East    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Azadi_Stadium_in_the_final_week_of_the_39th_League.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadi_Stadium) (Azadi Stadium) Azadi Stadium in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran) (Tehran) Tehran , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asia) (West Asia) West Asia 's largest football stadium     Iran is the birthplace of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo) (Polo) polo ,[ 655]    [ 656]    [ 657]    locally known as chogan, with its earliest records attributed to the ancient Medes.[ 658]    Freestyle wrestling is traditionally considered the national sport, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_national_freestyle_wrestling_athletes) (Iran national freestyle wrestling athletes) Iran's wrestlers have been world champions many times. Iran's traditional wrestling, called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlevani_and_zoorkhaneh_rituals) (Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals) koڑti e pahlevāni  ("heroic wrestling"), is registered on UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage list.[ 659]    Iran's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran) (National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran) National Olympic Committee was founded in 1947. Wrestlers and weightlifters have achieved the country's highest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_at_the_Olympics) (Iran at the Olympics) records at the Olympics . In 1974, Iran became the first country in West Asia to host the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Games) (Asian Games) Asian Games .[ 660]    [ 661]    [ 662]     As a mountainous country, Iran is a venue for skiing, snowboarding, hiking, rock climbing,[ 663]    and mountain climbing.[ 664]    [ 665]    It is home to ski resorts, the most famous being (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochal_Complex) (Tochal Complex) Tochal , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizin) (Dizin) Dizin , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemshak_(ski_resort)) (Shemshak (ski resort)) Shemshak .[ 666]    Dizin is the largest, and authorized by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ski_and_Snowboard_Federation) (International Ski and Snowboard Federation) FIS to administer international competitions.[ 667]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Iran) (Football in Iran) Football is the most popular sport, with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_national_football_team) (Iran national football team) men's national team having won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup) (AFC Asian Cup) Asian Cup three times. The men's team ranks 2nd in Asia and 18th in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Rankings) (FIFA World Rankings) FIFA World Rankings as of April 2025 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_April_2025)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  .[ 668]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadi_Stadium) (Azadi Stadium) Azadi Stadium in Tehran is the largest association football stadium in West Asia and on a list of top-20 stadiums in the world.[ 669]    Volleyball is the second most popular sport.[ 670]    [ 671]    Having won the 2011 and 2013 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Men's_Volleyball_Championship) (Asian Men's Volleyball Championship) Asian Men's Volleyball Championships , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_men's_national_volleyball_team) (Iran men's national volleyball team) men's national team is the 2nd strongest in Asia, and 15th in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_World_Rankings) (FIVB World Rankings) FIVB World Rankings as of January  2025 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_January_2025)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball) (Basketball) Basketball is also popular, with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_national_basketball_team) (Iran national basketball team) men's national team having won three (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Asia_Championship) (FIBA Asia Championship) Asian Championships since 2007.[ 672]        See also  (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran) (Portal:Iran) Iran portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia) (Portal:Asia) Asia portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries) (Portal:Countries) Countries portal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Iran) (Outline of Iran) Outline of Iran     References  Notes  ↑   Includes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilaks) (Gilaks) Gilaks and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazanderanis) (Mazanderanis) Mazanderanis .  ↑   Ultimate authority is vested in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran) (Supreme Leader of Iran) Supreme Leader , a position above the President.  ↑   English: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /(/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit') ɪ (/./: syllable break) . (/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('r' in 'rye') r (/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father') ɑː ('n' in 'nigh') n  /   (//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/En-us-Iran.ogg/En-us-Iran.ogg.mp3) (Play audio)      (/wiki/File:En-us-Iran.ogg) (File:En-us-Iran.ogg) ⓘ    (./Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (Help:Pronunciation respelling key) (English pronunciation respelling) ih-RAHN   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language) (Persian language) Persian : ایران , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian) (Romanization of Persian) romanized :  (Persian-language romanization) Irân  (./Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text)  , pronounced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian) (Help:IPA/Persian) [ ʔiːˈɾɒːn]   (//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/Iran-Pronunciation.ogg/Iran-Pronunciation.ogg.mp3) (Play audio)      (/wiki/File:Iran-Pronunciation.ogg) (File:Iran-Pronunciation.ogg) ⓘ   (./Category:Pages_with_Persian_IPA)  (./Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)    ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language) (Persian language) Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian) (Romanization of Persian) romanized :  (Persian-language romanization) Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân  (./Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text)  , (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991)  pronounced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian) (Help:IPA/Persian) [ dʒomhuːˈɾiːje eslɒːˈmiːje ʔiːˈɾɒːn]   (//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Fa-ir-JEI_%281%29.ogg/Fa-ir-JEI_%281%29.ogg.mp3) (Play audio)      (/wiki/File:Fa-ir-JEI_(1).ogg) (File:Fa-ir-JEI (1).ogg) ⓘ   (./Category:Pages_with_Persian_IPA)  (./Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)  .  ↑   English: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /(/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('p' in 'pie') p (/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur') ɜːr (/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure') ʒ (/ə/: 'a' in 'about') ə  /   (//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Persia.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Persia.wav.mp3) (Play audio)      (/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Vealhurl-Persia.wav) (File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Persia.wav) ⓘ    (./Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (Help:Pronunciation respelling key) (English pronunciation respelling) PUR -zhə  .;[ 10]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language) (Persian language) Persian : پارس , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian) (Romanization of Persian) romanized :  (Persian-language romanization) Pârs  (./Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text)  , (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991)  pronounced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian) (Help:IPA/Persian) [ pʰɒːɹs]   (./Category:Pages_with_Persian_IPA)    ↑   The Parni was an eastern Iranian tribe established on the Amu Darya in the confederation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahae) (Dahae) Dahae .[ 46]    To Yarshater, they were a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakas) (Sakas) Saka tribe, who penetrated Parthia, adopted its language, and eventually challenged the Seleucids' power in Parthia.[ 47]      ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language) (Persian language) Persian : رهبر معظم , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian) (Romanization of Persian) romanized :  (Persian-language romanization) Rahbar-e Moazam  (./Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text)    ↑   "Appointing and dismissing the chief of the general staff, the commander-in-chief of the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps, and the commanders of the armed forces."[ 198]      ↑   "Declaring war and peace, and the mobilization of the armed forces."[ 198]      ↑   Officially the Ansar Allah, de facto government in Northwestern Yemen since 28 July 2016 under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Political_Council) (Supreme Political Council) Supreme Political Council   ↑   Officially the Islamic Resistance Movement, de facto government of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip) (Gaza Strip) Gaza Strip since (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)) (Battle of Gaza (2007)) 15 June 2007   ↑   Examples include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoot_(torpedo)) (Hoot (torpedo)) Hoot , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowsar) (Kowsar) Kowsar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelzal) (Zelzal) Zelzal , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fateh-110) (Fateh-110) Fateh-110 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab-3) (Shahab-3) Shahab-3 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejjil) (Sejjil) Sejjil , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fattah-1_(missile)) (Fattah-1 (missile)) Fattah , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorramshahr_(missile)) (Khorramshahr (missile)) Khorramahahr , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kheibar_Shekan) (Kheibar Shekan) Kheibar Shekan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emad_(missile)) (Emad (missile)) Emad , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghadr-110) (Ghadr-110) Ghadr-110 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormuz-1_(missile)) (Hormuz-1 (missile)) Hormuz-1 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezful_(missile)) (Dezful (missile)) Dezful , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiam_1) (Qiam 1) Qiam 1 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoura_(missile)) (Ashoura (missile)) Ashoura , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajr-3_(missile)) (Fajr-3 (missile)) Fajr-3 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haj_Qasem_(missile)) (Haj Qasem (missile)) Haj Qasem , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf_(missile)) (Persian Gulf (missile)) Persian Gulf , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raad-500_(missile)) (Raad-500 (missile)) Raad-500 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolfaghar_(missile)) (Zolfaghar (missile)) Zolfaghar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoveyzeh_(cruise_missile)) (Hoveyzeh (cruise missile)) Hoveyzeh , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soumar_(missile)) (Soumar (missile)) Soumar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakour-90) (Fakour-90) Fakour-90 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paveh_cruise_missile) (Paveh cruise missile) Paveh , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezvan_missile) (Rezvan missile) Rezvan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samen_(missile)) (Samen (missile)) Samen , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondar-69) (Tondar-69) Tondar-69 .(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2024)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)) citation needed   ]    ↑   "The Factbook puts 'Persian and Persian dialects' at 58 percent, but 51 percent of the population as ethnic Persians, while the Library of Congress states that Persian 'is spoken as a mother tongue by at least 65 percent of the population and as a second language by a large proportion of the remaining 35 percent. The 'Persian' mentioned in the latter report must thus also include Gilaki and Mazi. However, Gilaki and Mazi are actually from a different branch of the Iranian language subfamily than Persian, and could be as such be seen not as dialects, but as distinct languages. Suffice it here to say that while some scholars see categories such as Gilakis and Mazandaranis as referring to separate ethnic groups due to their linguistic traits, others count them as 'Persians' on exactly the same basis."[ 559]          Citations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   ↑   Temperman 2010 , p. 87.  ↑   (https://minorityrights.org/country/iran/) "Iran – Minority Rights Group" . Minority Rights Group International . June 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260605131827/https://minorityrights.org/country/iran/) Archived from the original on 5 June 2026. Retrieved 18 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minority+Rights+Group+International&rft.atitle=Iran+%E2%80%93+Minority+Rights+Group&rft.date=2025-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fcountry%2Firan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2026-03/USCIRF%202026%20Annual%20Report%20Iran.pdf) Iran 2026 Annual Report (PDF) (Report). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_International_Religious_Freedom) (United States Commission on International Religious Freedom) United States Commission on International Religious Freedom . April 2026. Retrieved 18 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Iran+2026+Annual+Report&rft.pub=United+States+Commission+on+International+Religious+Freedom&rft.date=2026-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscirf.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2026-03%2FUSCIRF%25202026%2520Annual%2520Report%2520Iran.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2025/) "Democracy Index 2025" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit) (Economist Intelligence Unit) Economist Intelligence Unit  . 2025. Retrieved 18 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft.atitle=Democracy+Index+2025&rft.date=2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiu.com%2Fn%2Fcampaigns%2Fdemocracy-index-2025%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://freedomhouse.org/country/iran/freedom-world/2025) "Iran: Freedom in the World 2025 Country Report" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House) (Freedom House) Freedom House . 2025. Retrieved 7 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Freedom+in+the+World+2025+Country+Report&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft.date=2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Firan%2Ffreedom-world%2F2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zeidan, Adam. (https://www.britannica.com/topic/supreme-leader-of-Iran) "Supreme leader of Iran" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica) (Encyclopædia Britannica) Encyclopædia Britannica  . Retrieved 7 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Supreme+leader+of+Iran&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Zeidan&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fsupreme-leader-of-Iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)      ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER) "Surface water and surface water change" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development) (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER) Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surface+water+and+surface+water+change&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development+%28OECD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DSURFACE_WATER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/iran-population/) "Iran Population (2025)" . Worldometer . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180704093315/http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/iran-population/) Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worldometer&rft.atitle=Iran+Population+%282025%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2Firan-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    1  2  3  4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)) "World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition)" . www.imf.org . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund . 14 April 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251022132817/https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)) Archived from the original on 22 October 2025. Retrieved 19 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database+%28April+2026+Edition%29&rft.date=2026-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.imf.org%2Fen%2FData-Explorer%3FdatasetUrn%3DIMF.RES%3AWEO%289.0.0%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison) "Gini Index coefficient" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/) the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Gini+Index+coefficient&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fgini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income%2Fcountry-comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf) "Human Development Report 2025" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) United Nations Development Programme . 6 May 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2025&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2025-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2025reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iran) "Definition of IRAN" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam_Webster) (Merriam Webster) Merriam Webster  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220924135158/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iran) Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+IRAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FIran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bivar, Adrian David Hugh; Young, T. Cuyler; Dresden, Mark J.; Ghirshman, Roman (8 November 2024). (https://web.archive.org/web/20260311163904/https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Iran) "Ancient Iran" . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Archived from (https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Iran) the original on 11 March 2026. Retrieved 14 March 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ancient+Iran&rft.date=2024-11-08&rft.aulast=Bivar&rft.aufirst=Adrian+David+Hugh&rft.au=Young%2C+T.+Cuyler&rft.au=Dresden%2C+Mark+J.&rft.au=Ghirshman%2C+Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2Fancient-Iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Buzan, Barry (2004). The United States and the Great Powers . Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. p. 71. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3375-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3375-6) 978-0-7456-3375-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Great+Powers&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3375-6&rft.aulast=Buzan&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   Buzan & Wæver, Regions and Powers (2003 , p.  55)  "Iran is a strong regional power, in a far better shape than Pakistan because of its economic capabilities, rich mineral and energy resources, and internal stability, added to its far greater geostrategic importance." In Hooman Peimani, Nuclear Proliferation in the Indian Subcontinent (Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2000), p. 30.    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kerr, Paul. (https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R40094) "Iran's Nuclear Program: Tehran's Compliance with International Obligations" . Library of Congress. Retrieved 12 January 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+Nuclear+Program%3A+Tehran%27s+Compliance+with+International+Obligations&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fcrs-product%2FR40094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mills, Claire; Curtis, John. (https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10284/) "Israel-Iran 2025: Developments in Iran's nuclear programme and military action" . House of Commons Library . UK Parliament. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260113050255/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10284/) Archived from the original on 13 January 2026. Retrieved 12 January 2026 . In June 2025, the IAEA Board of Governors adopted a resolution which, for the first time since 2005, formally found Iran to be non-compliant with its nuclear safeguards obligations  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.atitle=Israel-Iran+2025%3A+Developments+in+Iran%27s+nuclear+programme+and+military+action&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Curtis%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.parliament.uk%2Fresearch-briefings%2Fcbp-10284%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fishman, Joshua A. (2010). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: Disciplinary and Regional Perspectives . Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 266. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195374926) (Special:BookSources/978-0195374926) 978-0195374926  .  'Iran' and 'Persia' are synonymous. The former has always been used by the Iranian speaking peoples themselves, while the latter has served as the international name of the country in various languages  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity%3A+Disciplinary+and+Regional+Perspectives&rft.pages=266&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0195374926&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Joshua+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)  .  1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yarshater, Ehsan (1989). "Communication". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Studies_(journal)) (Iranian Studies (journal)) Iranian Studies  . XXII (1): 62– 65. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210868908701726) 10.1080/00210868908701726 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4310640) 4310640 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Communication&rft.volume=XXII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=62-65&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210868908701726&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4310640%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yarshater&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)  Reprinted online as (http://www.iran-heritage.org/interestgroups/language-article5.htm) "Persia or Iran, Persian or Farsi" ((https://web.archive.org/web/20101024033230/http://www.iran-heritage.org/interestgroups/language-article5.htm) Archived 2010-10-24 at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ).  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shahbazi, A. Shapur. (https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/haft-kesvar) "HAFT KEŠVAR -- Encyclopaedia Iranica" . iranicaonline.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240714231549/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/haft-kesvar) Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=HAFT+KE%C5%A0VAR+--+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shapur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhaft-kesvar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   Biglari, F. and Shidrang, S., (2006) The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran, Near Eastern Archeology 69 (3–4): 160-168  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Biglari, Fereidoun; Shidrang, Sonia (2019). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/706536) "Rescuing the Paleolithic Heritage of Hawraman, Kurdistan, Iranian Zagros"  . 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Helmer, First Steps of Animal Domestication , Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the International Council of Archaeozoology, Durham, August 2002, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84217-121-6) (Special:BookSources/1-84217-121-6) 1-84217-121-6    ↑   Deborah I. Olszewski: "The Zarzian in the Context of the Epipaleolithic Middle East", in: Humanities 19 (2012) 1-20, page 2.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/early-humans-iran-were-growing-wheat-12-000-years-ago-f6C10536898) "Early humans in Iran were growing wheat 12,000 years ago" . NBC News. 4 July 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201102000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20201102183951/https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/early-humans-iran-were-growing-wheat-12-000-years-ago-f6C10536898) Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Early+humans+in+Iran+were+growing+wheat+12%2C000+years+ago&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2Fearly-humans-iran-were-growing-wheat-12-000-years-ago-f6C10536898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zeder, Melinda A.; Hesse, Brian (2000). "The Initial Domestication of Goats (Capra hircus ) in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago". Science . 287 (5461): 2254– 2257. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...287.2254Z) 2000Sci...287.2254Z . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5461.2254) 10.1126/science.287.5461.2254 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2006-01-19&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-630-2&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Brian+Todd&rft.au=Allfree%2C+Joshua+B.&rft.au=Cairns%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3OSfBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   Aeschylus 2009 , p. 18.  ↑   Roisman & Worthington 2011 , pp. 135–138, 342–345.  1  2  3   Venning 2023 , p. 118.  ↑   Strootman 2020 , p. 151.  ↑   Lecoq 2011 .  ↑   Yarshater 2004 .  ↑   Venning 2023 , p. 162.  1  2   Strootman 2020 , p. 150.  ↑   Shahbazi 2005 .  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23003#:~:text=It%20was%20under%20Khosrow%20II,the%20early%20seventh%20century%20CE.) "Khosrow II (590–628 CE)" . 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Retrieved 3 April 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+in+history&rft.pub=Tel+Aviv+University&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tau.ac.il%2Fdayancenter%2Fmel%2Flewis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   Hawting 1986 , pp. 63–64.  ↑   Pourshariati 2008 , pp. 312–313.  ↑   Osman 2014 , pp. 62–63.  1  2   Lorentz 2007 , p. xxviii.  1  2  3   Mahendrarajah 2019 .  ↑   Blair 1992 , p. 6.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bosworth, C. E. (1998). (https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA164) History of Civilizations of Central Asia  . UNESCO. p. 164. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1) (Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1) 978-92-3-103467-1  . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+killing+of+Iran%27s+second+most+powerful+man+risks+regional+conflagration&rft.date=2020-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-iraq-security-blast-soleimani-analysi%2Fu-s-killing-of-irans-second-most-powerful-man-risks-regional-conflagration-idUSKBN1Z21TJ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   Carolien Roelants, Iran expert of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRC_Handelsblad) (NRC Handelsblad) NRC Handelsblad  , in a debate on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buitenhof_(TV_series)) (Buitenhof (TV series)) Buitenhof  on Dutch television, 5 January 2020.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGP7hZQuTL0) Never-before-seen video of the attack on Al Asad Airbase  , 28 February 2021, (https://web.archive.org/web/20220223104408/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGP7hZQuTL0) archived from the original on 23 February 2022, retrieved 8 January 2024  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never-before-seen+video+of+the+attack+on+Al+Asad+Airbase&rft.date=2021-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DlGP7hZQuTL0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/10/109-us-troops-diagnosed-with-brain-injuries-from-iran-attack) "109 US troops diagnosed with brain injuries from Iran attack" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera) (Al Jazeera) Al Jazeera . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240407113740/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/10/109-us-troops-diagnosed-with-brain-injuries-from-iran-attack) Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=109+US+troops+diagnosed+with+brain+injuries+from+Iran+attack&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F2%2F10%2F109-us-troops-diagnosed-with-brain-injuries-from-iran-attack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dw.com/en/109-us-service-members-were-injured-in-the-iran-missile-attack/a-52331039) "Pentagon admits 109 brain injuries in Iran attack" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle) (Deutsche Welle) Deutsche Welle . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Demands+for+justice+after+Iran%27s+plane+admission&rft.date=2020-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-51077788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Motamedi, Maziar. (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/19/raisi-wins-irans-presidential-election-amid-low-turnout) "Hardliner Raisi elected Iran's new president" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera) (Al Jazeera) Al Jazeera . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210901094359/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/19/raisi-wins-irans-presidential-election-amid-low-turnout) Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hardliner+Raisi+elected+Iran%27s+new+president&rft.aulast=Motamedi&rft.aufirst=Maziar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F6%2F19%2Fraisi-wins-irans-presidential-election-amid-low-turnout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/1/several-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-reports) "Several killed in Israeli strike on Iranian consulate in Damascus" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera) (Al Jazeera) Al Jazeera . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240430180537/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/1/several-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-reports) Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Several+killed+in+Israeli+strike+on+Iranian+consulate+in+Damascus&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F4%2F1%2Fseveral-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-reports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://apnews.com/article/israel-syria-airstrike-iranian-embassy-edca34c52d38c8bc57281e4ebf33b240) "Israeli strike on Iran's consulate in Syria killed 2 generals and 5 other officers, Iran says" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News) (AP News) AP News  . 1 April 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240419075609/https://apnews.com/article/israel-syria-airstrike-iranian-embassy-edca34c52d38c8bc57281e4ebf33b240) Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Israeli+strike+on+Iran%27s+consulate+in+Syria+killed+2+generals+and+5+other+officers%2C+Iran+says&rft.date=2024-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fisrael-syria-airstrike-iranian-embassy-edca34c52d38c8bc57281e4ebf33b240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jack Dutton (15 April 2024). (https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/how-irans-attack-israel-disrupting-air-traffic) "How Iran's attack on Israel is disrupting air traffic" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/how-irans-attack-israel-disrupting-air-traffic) Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+Iran%27s+attack+on+Israel+is+disrupting+air+traffic&rft.date=2024-04-15&rft.au=Jack+Dutton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Foriginals%2F2024%2F04%2Fhow-irans-attack-israel-disrupting-air-traffic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Toossi, Sina (2 May 2024). (https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/18/iran-has-defined-its-red-line-with-israel/) "Iran Has Defined Its Red Line With Israel" . Foreign Policy . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/18/iran-has-defined-its-red-line-with-israel/) Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Iran+Has+Defined+Its+Red+Line+With+Israel&rft.date=2024-05-02&rft.aulast=Toossi&rft.aufirst=Sina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2024%2F04%2F18%2Firan-has-defined-its-red-line-with-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68811273) "What was in wave of Iranian attacks and how were they thwarted?" . 14 April 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240414091527/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68811273) Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+was+in+wave+of+Iranian+attacks+and+how+were+they+thwarted%3F&rft.date=2024-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-68811273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/277652) "The largest drone attack in history" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240415201037/https://iranpress.com/aliaspage/277652) Archived from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+largest+drone+attack+in+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firanpress.com%2Faliaspage%2F277652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Motamedi, Maziar. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27True+Promise%27%3A+Why+and+how+did+Iran+launch+a+historic+attack+on+Israel%3F&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.aulast=Motamedi&rft.aufirst=Maziar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F4%2F14%2Ftrue-promise-why-and-how-did-iran-launch-a-historic-attack-on-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://abc7ny.com/israel-gaza-live-updates-iran-launches-dozens-of-drones-in-retaliatory-strike/14656640/) "Iran launches first-ever direct attack on Israel" . ABC7 New York . 13 April 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://abc7ny.com/israel-gaza-live-updates-iran-launches-dozens-of-drones-in-retaliatory-strike/14656640/) Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC7+New+York&rft.atitle=Iran+launches+first-ever+direct+attack+on+Israel&rft.date=2024-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabc7ny.com%2Fisrael-gaza-live-updates-iran-launches-dozens-of-drones-in-retaliatory-strike%2F14656640%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240418-how-israel-could-respond-to-iran-s-drone-and-missile-assault) "How Israel could respond to Iran's drone and missile assault" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24) (France 24) France 24 . 18 April 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174029/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240418-how-israel-could-respond-to-iran-s-drone-and-missile-assault) Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 . 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(https://web.archive.org/web/20240519213002/https://apnews.com/article/helicopter-iran-raisi-crash-azerbaijan-3ef9fe5772fb06f6d9dcc371b115923f) Archived from the original on 19 May 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+died+alongside+Iran%27s+President+Raisi+in+the+helicopter+crash%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F5%2F20%2Fwho-died-alongside-irans-president-raisi-in-the-helicopter-crash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://apnews.com/article/iran-presidential-runoff-election-masoud-pezeshkian-profile-a07e9921fa8c25b1a05333e128c03916) "Masoud Pezeshkian, a heart surgeon who rose to power in parliament, now Iran's president-elect" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News) (AP News) AP News  . 6 July 2024. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran+tells+millions+of+Afghans+to+leave+or+face+arrest+on+day+of+deadline&rft.date=2025-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2025%2F7%2F6%2Firan-tells-millions-of-afghans-to-leave-or-face-arrest-on-day-of-deadline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2025/05/01/irans-leader-hopes-america-can-save-his-faltering-regime) "Iran's leader hopes America can save his faltering regime" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist) (The Economist) The Economist  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613) 0013-0613 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dryland+Climatology&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50024-1&rft.au=Sharon+E.+Nicholson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqussIGJ0NcC%26pg%3DPA367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  R. Nagarajan (2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=x1505bxl0EkC&pg=PA383) Drought Assessment  . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 383. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2500-5) (Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2500-5) 978-90-481-2500-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drought+Assessment&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-481-2500-5&rft.au=R.+Nagarajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx1505bxl0EkC%26pg%3DPA383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   Rouchiche, Salah and M.A. Haji Mirsadeghi. "Role of Planted Forests and Trees Outside Forests in Sustainable Forest Management: Islamic Republic of Iran Country Study Report", August 2002.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kernan, Henry S. (1957). "Forest Management in Iran". Middle East Journal . 11 (2): 198– 202. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4322899) 4322899 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=Forest+Management+in+Iran&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=198-202&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4322899%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kernan&rft.aufirst=Henry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sotoudeh Foumani, B.; Rostami Shahraji, T.; Mohammadi Limaei, S. (1 June 2017). (https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_2374.html) "Role of political power in forest administration policy of Iran" . Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences . 15 (2): 181– 199. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.22124%2Fcjes.2017.2374) 10.22124/cjes.2017.2374 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1735-3033) 1735-3033 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112630/https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_2374.html) Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caspian+Journal+of+Environmental+Sciences&rft.atitle=Role+of+political+power+in+forest+administration+policy+of+Iran&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-199&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22124%2Fcjes.2017.2374&rft.issn=1735-3033&rft.aulast=Sotoudeh+Foumani&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Rostami+Shahraji%2C+T.&rft.au=Mohammadi+Limaei%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcjes.guilan.ac.ir%2Farticle_2374.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  April Fast (2005). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/iranland0000fast) Iran: The Land   . Crabtree Publishing Company. p. (https://archive.org/details/iranland0000fast/page/31) 31 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7787-9315-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7787-9315-1) 978-0-7787-9315-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+The+Land&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Crabtree+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7787-9315-1&rft.au=April+Fast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanland0000fast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Eskandar Firouz (2005). (https://books.google.com/books?id=t2EZCScFXloC&pg=PP1) The Complete Fauna of Iran  . I.B. Tauris. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-946-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-946-2) 978-1-85043-946-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Fauna+of+Iran&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-946-2&rft.au=Eskandar+Firouz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt2EZCScFXloC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Guggisberg, C.A.W. (1961). Simba: The Life of the Lion . Howard Timmins, Cape Town. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simba%3A+The+Life+of+the+Lion&rft.pub=Howard+Timmins%2C+Cape+Town&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Guggisberg%2C+C.A.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Firouz, Eskander (14 October 2005). (https://books.google.com/books?id=t2EZCScFXloC&pg=PP1) The Complete Fauna of Iran  . Bloomsbury Academic. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avibase&rft.atitle=Bird+Checklists+of+the+World%3A+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favibase.bsc-eoc.org%2Fchecklist.jsp%3Fregion%3DIR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-rallies-rouhani/in-jab-at-hardliners-rouhani-says-iran-protests-were-not-only-economic-idUSKBN1EX0S9) "In jab at rivals, Rouhani says Iran protests about more than economy" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . 8 January 2018. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180113092651/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-rallies-rouhani/in-jab-at-hardliners-rouhani-says-iran-protests-were-not-only-economic-idUSKBN1EX0S9) Archived from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=In+jab+at+rivals%2C+Rouhani+says+Iran+protests+about+more+than+economy&rft.date=2018-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-iran-rallies-rouhani%2Fin-jab-at-hardliners-rouhani-says-iran-protests-were-not-only-economic-idUSKBN1EX0S9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Al-awsat, Asharq (25 September 2017). (https://web.archive.org/web/20171010083335/https://english.aawsat.com/amir-taheri/features/khamenei-orders-new-supervisory-body-curtail-government) "Khamenei Orders New Supervisory Body to Curtail Government – ASHARQ AL-AWSAT English Archive" . Archived from (https://english.aawsat.com/amir-taheri/features/khamenei-orders-new-supervisory-body-curtail-government) the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khamenei+Orders+New+Supervisory+Body+to+Curtail+Government+%E2%80%93+ASHARQ+AL-AWSAT+English+Archive&rft.date=2017-09-25&rft.aulast=Al-awsat&rft.aufirst=Asharq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aawsat.com%2Famir-taheri%2Ffeatures%2Fkhamenei-orders-new-supervisory-body-curtail-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/12/iran-retirement-law-reemployment-retirees-khamenei-order.html) "Khamenei orders controversial retirement law amended" . Al-Monitor . 5 December 2018. (https://web.archive.org/web/20181207154816/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/12/iran-retirement-law-reemployment-retirees-khamenei-order.html) Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Khamenei+orders+controversial+retirement+law+amended&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2018%2F12%2Firan-retirement-law-reemployment-retirees-khamenei-order.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/investigates/iran/) "Reuters Investigates – Assets of the Ayatollah" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . 11 November 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20131112231535/http://www.reuters.com/investigates/iran/) Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Reuters+Investigates+%E2%80%93+Assets+of+the+Ayatollah&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Finvestigates%2Firan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Steve Stecklow, Babak Dehghanpisheh (22 January 2014). (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-setad-sanctions-exclusive/exclusive-khameneis-business-empire-gains-from-iran-sanctions-relief-idUSBREA0L1CO20140122) "Exclusive: Khamenei's business empire gains from Iran sanctions relief" . Reuters . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180115124809/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-setad-sanctions-exclusive/exclusive-khameneis-business-empire-gains-from-iran-sanctions-relief-idUSBREA0L1CO20140122) Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Khamenei%27s+business+empire+gains+from+Iran+sanctions+relief&rft.date=2014-01-22&rft.au=Steve+Stecklow%2C+Babak+Dehghanpisheh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-setad-sanctions-exclusive%2Fexclusive-khameneis-business-empire-gains-from-iran-sanctions-relief-idUSBREA0L1CO20140122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20250613215842/https://www.iranchamber.com/government/constitutions/constitution_ch08.php) "The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran" . Iran Chamber . 13 June 2025. Archived from (https://www.iranchamber.com/government/constitutions/constitution_ch08.php) the original on 13 June 2025. Retrieved 13 June 2025 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asharq+Al-Awsat&rft.atitle=Controversy+in+Iran+Surrounding+the+Supervision+of+the+Supreme+Leader%27s+Performance&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft.au=Adil+Alsalmi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aawsat.com%2F2015%2F12%2Farticle55345842%2F55345842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/02/iran-parliamentary-elections-assembly-of-experts/470580/) "Myths and Realities of Iran's Parliamentary Elections" . The Atlantic . 23 February 2016. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170216170320/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/02/iran-parliamentary-elections-assembly-of-experts/470580/) Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anomalies+in+Iran%27s+Assembly+of+Experts+Election+%E2%80%93+The+Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy&rft.date=2016-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fview%2Fanomalies-and-results-from-irans-assembly-of-experts-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Majid Rafizadeh (24 June 2016). (http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2016/06/24/Why-Khamenei-wants-the-next-Supreme-Leader-to-be-revolutionary-.html) "Why Khamenei wants the next Supreme Leader to be 'revolutionary' " . AlArabiya News . (https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170310/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2016/06/24/Why-Khamenei-wants-the-next-Supreme-Leader-to-be-revolutionary-.html) Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2022 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Iran+reverses+ban+on+reformist+candidates&rft.date=2005-05-24&rft.au=and+agencies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2005%2Fmay%2F24%2Firan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   Article 98 of the constitution  ↑   Articles 96 and 94 of the constitution.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://irandataportal.syr.edu/the-guardian-council) "THE GUARDIAN COUNCIL" . Iran Data Portal . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220519124159/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/the-guardian-council) Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022 . 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Retrieved 8 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+Multifaceted+Foreign+Policy&rft.date=2006-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Firans-multifaceted-foreign-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112628/https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2019/apr/01/supreme-national-security-council-iran) "Supreme National Security Council of Iran" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Institute_of_Peace) (United States Institute of Peace) United States Institute of Peace  . 1 April 2019. Archived from (https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2019/apr/01/supreme-national-security-council-iran) the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.atitle=Supreme+National+Security+Council+of+Iran&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanprimer.usip.org%2Fblog%2F2019%2Fapr%2F01%2Fsupreme-national-security-council-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/tehran/inside/govt.html) "Inside Iran – The Structure Of Power In Iran" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS) (PBS) PBS . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190507165336/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/tehran/inside/govt.html) Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inside+Iran+%E2%80%93+The+Structure+Of+Power+In+Iran&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Ftehran%2Finside%2Fgovt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Thaler, David E.; Nader, Alireza; Chubin, Shahram; Green, Jerrold D.; Lynch, Charlotte; Wehrey, Frederic (2010). "Formal Structures of the Islamic Republic". (https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG878.html) Mullahs, Guards, and Bonyads  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation) (RAND Corporation) RAND Corporation . pp. 21– 36. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4773-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-4773-1) 978-0-8330-4773-1  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (Freely accessible) (https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg878osd.10) 10.7249/mg878osd.10  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250121093423/https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG878.html) Archived from the original on 21 January 2025. Retrieved 31 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Formal+Structures+of+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.btitle=Mullahs%2C+Guards%2C+and+Bonyads&rft.pages=21-36&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7249%2Fmg878osd.10%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-4773-1&rft.aulast=Thaler&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft.au=Nader%2C+Alireza&rft.au=Chubin%2C+Shahram&rft.au=Green%2C+Jerrold+D.&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Charlotte&rft.au=Wehrey%2C+Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fmonographs%2FMG878.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://apnews.com/article/iran-supreme-national-security-council-shamkhani-892b335e8492782b19b28a92e066db7f) "Iran's president appoints new official in powerful security post, replacing longtime incumbent" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News) (AP News) AP News  . 22 May 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112628/https://apnews.com/article/iran-supreme-national-security-council-shamkhani-892b335e8492782b19b28a92e066db7f) Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+president+appoints+new+official+in+powerful+security+post%2C+replacing+longtime+incumbent&rft.date=2023-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Firan-supreme-national-security-council-shamkhani-892b335e8492782b19b28a92e066db7f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://amwaj.media/article/deep-dive-reshuffle-at-iran-s-supreme-national-security-council) "Deep Dive: Reshuffle at Iran's Supreme National Security Council" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112631/https://amwaj.media/article/deep-dive-reshuffle-at-iran-s-supreme-national-security-council) Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deep+Dive%3A+Reshuffle+at+Iran%27s+Supreme+National+Security+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famwaj.media%2Farticle%2Fdeep-dive-reshuffle-at-iran-s-supreme-national-security-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Iran-s-switch-of-top-security-official-hints-at-end-of-nuclear-talks) "Iran's switch of top security official hints at end of nuclear talks" . Nikkei Asia . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112628/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Iran-s-switch-of-top-security-official-hints-at-end-of-nuclear-talks) Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+switch+of+top+security+official+hints+at+end+of+nuclear+talks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FPolitics%2FIran-s-switch-of-top-security-official-hints-at-end-of-nuclear-talks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ndtv.com/topic/iranian-supreme-national-security-council) "Iranian Supreme National Security Council: Latest News, Photos, Videos on Iranian Supreme National Security Council" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV.com) (NDTV.com) NDTV.com  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240508112628/https://www.ndtv.com/topic/iranian-supreme-national-security-council) Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV.com&rft.atitle=Iranian+Supreme+National+Security+Council%3A+Latest+News%2C+Photos%2C+Videos+on+Iranian+Supreme+National+Security+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Ftopic%2Firanian-supreme-national-security-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110616042705/http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=103) "IFES Election Guide" . Archived from (http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=103) the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IFES+Election+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionguide.org%2Fcountry.php%3FID%3D103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110520124440/http://countrystudies.us/iran/86.htm) "Iran – The Council of Guardians" . Archived from (http://countrystudies.us/iran/86.htm) the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+%E2%80%93+The+Council+of+Guardians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Firan%2F86.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2006/10/031006.asp) IRANIAN LEGISLATURE APPROVES FUNDS FOR GASOLINE IMPORTS (https://web.archive.org/web/20061101092818/http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2006/10/031006.asp) Archived 1 November 2006 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  provides an example the need for approval of the Guardian Council.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (15 April 2016). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/15/iran-bars-female-mp-for-shaking-hands-with-unrelated-man) "Iran bars female MP for 'shaking hands with unrelated man' " . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20170811010404/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/15/iran-bars-female-mp-for-shaking-hands-with-unrelated-man) Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Iran+bars+female+MP+for+%27shaking+hands+with+unrelated+man%27&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft.aulast=Dehghan&rft.aufirst=Saeed+Kamali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fapr%2F15%2Firan-bars-female-mp-for-shaking-hands-with-unrelated-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/402544/Minoo-Khaleghi-summoned-to-court) "Minoo Khaleghi summoned to court" . 15 May 2016. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170811010436/http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/402544/Minoo-Khaleghi-summoned-to-court) Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minoo+Khaleghi+summoned+to+court&rft.date=2016-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehrantimes.com%2Fnews%2F402544%2FMinoo-Khaleghi-summoned-to-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20090705083907/http://mellat.majlis.ir/constitution/english.htm) "خانه ملت" . Archived from (http://mellat.majlis.ir/constitution/english.htm) the original on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmellat.majlis.ir%2Fconstitution%2Fenglish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/iran_power/html/expediency_council.stm) "Expediency council" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20080305232619/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/iran_power/html/expediency_council.stm) Archived from the original on 5 March 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Expediency+council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F03%2Firan_power%2Fhtml%2Fexpediency_council.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Axel Tschentscher, LL.M. (https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html) "ICL > Iran > Constitution" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201014010533/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html) Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICL+%3E+Iran+%3E+Constitution&rft.au=Axel+Tschentscher%2C+LL.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.servat.unibe.ch%2Ficl%2Fir00000_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mohammad Yaseen Jaras (September 2024). (https://cognizancejournal.com/vol4issue9/V4I918.pdf) "Comparison of Unitary Vs. Federal Political Systems (with an Emphasis on the Appropriateness of Federal Political System and Its Potential Advantages for Afghanistan)" (PDF) . Cognizance Journal. Political centrality and having a centralistic system is one of the inherent characteristics of all unitary governments, and this structure was created to carry out the country's administrative affairs as coherently as possible. therefore, most countries have a unitary system, such as France, Iran, Afghanistan, and other countries.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparison+of+Unitary+Vs.+Federal+Political+Systems+%28with+an+Emphasis+on+the+Appropriateness+of+Federal+Political+System+and+Its+Potential+Advantages+for+Afghanistan%29&rft.pub=Cognizance+Journal&rft.date=2024-09&rft.au=Mohammad+Yaseen+Jaras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcognizancejournal.com%2Fvol4issue9%2FV4I918.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2002/cr02267.pdf) "Islamic Republic of Iran: Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes—Fiscal Transparency Module" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund . 2 December 2002. Type of government: An Islamic Republic with a unitary government.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Republic+of+Iran%3A+Report+on+the+Observance+of+Standards+and+Codes%E2%80%94Fiscal+Transparency+Module&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2002-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fscr%2F2002%2Fcr02267.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  IRNA, Online Edition. (https://web.archive.org/web/20071023184320/http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-203/0710215516003338.htm) "Paris for further cultural cooperation with Iran" . Archived from (http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-203/0710215516003338.htm) the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paris+for+further+cultural+cooperation+with+Iran&rft.aulast=IRNA&rft.aufirst=Online+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.irna.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fview%2Fline-203%2F0710215516003338.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Seyed Hossein Mousavian; Shahir Shahidsaless (2014). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ppe9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33) Iran and the United States: An Insider's View on the Failed Past and the Road to Peace  . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 33. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62892-870-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-62892-870-9) 978-1-62892-870-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+and+the+United+States%3A+An+Insider%27s+View+on+the+Failed+Past+and+the+Road+to+Peace&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62892-870-9&rft.au=Seyed+Hossein+Mousavian&rft.au=Shahir+Shahidsaless&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dppe9AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Qaed, Anas Al (25 September 2023). (https://gulfif.org/unseen-tensions-the-undercurrents-of-iran-turkey-relations-in-the-south-caucasus/) "Unseen Tensions: The Undercurrents of Iran-Turkey Relations in the South Caucasus" . Gulf International Forum . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://gulfif.org/unseen-tensions-the-undercurrents-of-iran-turkey-relations-in-the-south-caucasus/) Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulf+International+Forum&rft.atitle=Unseen+Tensions%3A+The+Undercurrents+of+Iran-Turkey+Relations+in+the+South+Caucasus&rft.date=2023-09-25&rft.aulast=Qaed&rft.aufirst=Anas+Al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfif.org%2Funseen-tensions-the-undercurrents-of-iran-turkey-relations-in-the-south-caucasus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.fpri.org/article/2012/06/the-cold-war-between-turkey-and-iran/) "The Cold War Between Turkey and Iran – Foreign Policy Research Institute" . Foreign Policy Research Institute . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://www.fpri.org/article/2012/06/the-cold-war-between-turkey-and-iran/) Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Cold+War+Between+Turkey+and+Iran+%E2%80%93+Foreign+Policy+Research+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpri.org%2Farticle%2F2012%2F06%2Fthe-cold-war-between-turkey-and-iran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Azizi, Hamidreza; اevik, Salim (2022). (https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/turkish-and-iranian-involvement-in-iraq-and-syria) "Turkish and Iranian Involvement in Iraq and Syria" . SWP Comment (in German). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.18449%2F2022c58) 10.18449/2022c58 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/turkish-and-iranian-involvement-in-iraq-and-syria) Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SWP+Comment&rft.atitle=Turkish+and+Iranian+Involvement+in+Iraq+and+Syria&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18449%2F2022c58&rft.aulast=Azizi&rft.aufirst=Hamidreza&rft.au=%D8%A7evik%2C+Salim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swp-berlin.org%2Fpublikation%2Fturkish-and-iranian-involvement-in-iraq-and-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)  (./Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2017/08/25/iran-and-turkey-agree-on-opposing-kurdish-independence-but-not-much-more/) "Iran and Turkey Agree on Opposing Kurdish Independence, but Not Much More" . FDD . 25 August 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2017/08/25/iran-and-turkey-agree-on-opposing-kurdish-independence-but-not-much-more/) Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDD&rft.atitle=Iran+and+Turkey+Agree+on+Opposing+Kurdish+Independence%2C+but+Not+Much+More&rft.date=2017-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdd.org%2Fanalysis%2F2017%2F08%2F25%2Firan-and-turkey-agree-on-opposing-kurdish-independence-but-not-much-more%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/6/5/qatar-blockade-five-things-to-know-about-the-gulf-crisis) "Five things to know about the blockade against Qatar" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera) (Al Jazeera) Al Jazeera . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240430114242/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/6/5/qatar-blockade-five-things-to-know-about-the-gulf-crisis) Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+things+to+know+about+the+blockade+against+Qatar&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F6%2F5%2Fqatar-blockade-five-things-to-know-about-the-gulf-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/a-new-phase-in-cooperation-between-tajikistan-and-iran/) "A New Phase in Cooperation between Tajikistan and Iran" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230328203848/https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/a-new-phase-in-cooperation-between-tajikistan-and-iran/) Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+Phase+in+Cooperation+between+Tajikistan+and+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasian-research.org%2Fpublication%2Fa-new-phase-in-cooperation-between-tajikistan-and-iran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lal, Rollie (2006). "Iran". (https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG440.html) Central Asia and Its Asian Neighbors  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation) (RAND Corporation) RAND Corporation . pp. 11– 18. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3878-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3878-4) 978-0-8330-3878-4  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (Freely accessible) (https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg440af.10) 10.7249/mg440af.10  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250505170929/https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG440.html) Archived from the original on 5 May 2025. Retrieved 31 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran&rft.btitle=Central+Asia+and+Its+Asian+Neighbors&rft.pages=11-18&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7249%2Fmg440af.10%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-3878-4&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Rollie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fmonographs%2FMG440.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  uz, Daryo (11 June 2023). (https://daryo.uz/en/2023/11/06/iranian-president-to-visit-to-tajikistan-to-bolster-bilateral-relations) "Iranian President to visit to Tajikistan to bolster bilateral relations" . 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(https://web.archive.org/web/20260416055410/https://www.rferl.org/a/pakistan-balochistan-violence-conflict-military-separatists/31695168.html) Archived from the original on 16 April 2026. Retrieved 19 April 2026 . Since the beginning of this year, violent attacks by secular ethnic Baluch separatists in Pakistan's restive southwestern province of Balochistan have dramatically risen.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Escalating+Violence+In+A+Restive+Pakistani+Province+Resurrects+A+Forgotten+Conflict&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft.aulast=Siddique&rft.aufirst=Abubakar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fpakistan-balochistan-violence-conflict-military-separatists%2F31695168.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2022/02/08/baloch-insurgency-and-continued-tale-of-apathy-and-violence/) "Baloch insurgency and continued tale of apathy and violence" . 8 February 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260227222942/https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2022/02/08/baloch-insurgency-and-continued-tale-of-apathy-and-violence/) Archived from the original on 27 February 2026. Retrieved 9 January 2026 . The province of Balochistan is once again in the vortex of turmoil and violence.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baloch+insurgency+and+continued+tale+of+apathy+and+violence&rft.date=2022-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoderndiplomacy.eu%2F2022%2F02%2F08%2Fbaloch-insurgency-and-continued-tale-of-apathy-and-violence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/insurgency) " "insurgency" (noun)" . Merriam-Webster Unabridged. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200120131116/https://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/subscriber/login?redirect_to=%2Funabridged%2Finsurgency) Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2019 . The quality or state of being insurgent; specifically: a condition of revolt against a recognized government that does not reach the proportions of an organized revolutionary government and is not recognized as belligerency (subscription required)  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22insurgency%22+%28noun%29&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster+Unabridged&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funabridged.merriam-webster.com%2Funabridged%2Finsurgency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/97279?redirectedFrom=insurgency#eid) "insurgency, n" . Oxford English Dictionary. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200120131120/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/97279?redirectedFrom=insurgency#eid) Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2019 . The quality or state of being insurgent; the tendency to rise in revolt; insurgence n. The action of rising against authority; a rising, revolt." (subscription required)  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=insurgency%2C+n&rft.pub=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F97279%3FredirectedFrom%3Dinsurgency%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/topic/insurgency) "Insurgency" . Encyclopedia Britannica. (https://web.archive.org/web/20191127191403/https://www.britannica.com/topic/insurgency) Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019 . Insurgency, term historically restricted to rebellious acts that did not reach the proportions of an organized revolution. It has subsequently been applied to any such armed uprising, typically guerrilla in character, against the recognized government of a state or country. (subscription required)  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insurgency&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Finsurgency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)      ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hubbard, Ben; Rubin, Alissa J. (30 September 2024). (https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/30/world/middleeast/iran-axis-of-resistance.html) "Facing a Big Test, Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' Flails" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241009133520/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/30/world/middleeast/iran-axis-of-resistance.html) Archived from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Facing+a+Big+Test%2C+Iran%27s+%27Axis+of+Resistance%27+Flails&rft.date=2024-09-30&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Rubin%2C+Alissa+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F09%2F30%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Firan-axis-of-resistance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Al-Kassab, Fatima (26 October 2023). (https://www.npr.org/2023/10/26/1208456496/iran-hamas-axis-of-resistance-hezbollah-israel) "What is the 'axis of resistance' of Iran-backed groups in the Middle East?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR) (NPR) NPR . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231029183838/https://www.npr.org/2023/10/26/1208456496/iran-hamas-axis-of-resistance-hezbollah-israel) Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+is+the+%27axis+of+resistance%27+of+Iran-backed+groups+in+the+Middle+East%3F&rft.date=2023-10-26&rft.aulast=Al-Kassab&rft.aufirst=Fatima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F10%2F26%2F1208456496%2Firan-hamas-axis-of-resistance-hezbollah-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Koss, Maren (11 July 2018). (https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2018/07/flexible-resistance-how-hezbollah-and-hamas-are-mending-ties?lang=en&center=middle-east) "Flexible Resistance: How Hezbollah and Hamas Are Mending Ties" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace) (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) Carnegie Endowment for International Peace  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250504032206/https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2018/07/flexible-resistance-how-hezbollah-and-hamas-are-mending-ties?center=middle-east&lang=en) Archived from the original on 4 May 2025. Retrieved 28 September 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=Flexible+Resistance%3A+How+Hezbollah+and+Hamas+Are+Mending+Ties&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft.aulast=Koss&rft.aufirst=Maren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fresearch%2F2018%2F07%2Fflexible-resistance-how-hezbollah-and-hamas-are-mending-ties%3Flang%3Den%26center%3Dmiddle-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2023/10/10/what-links-hamas-to-the-axis-of-resistance-and-iran-as-its-patron/) "What links Hamas to the 'Axis of Resistance' and Iran as its patron?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times) (The Irish Times) The Irish Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241226173727/https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2023/10/10/what-links-hamas-to-the-axis-of-resistance-and-iran-as-its-patron/) Archived from the original on 26 December 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=What+links+Hamas+to+the+%27Axis+of+Resistance%27+and+Iran+as+its+patron%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2F2023%2F10%2F10%2Fwhat-links-hamas-to-the-axis-of-resistance-and-iran-as-its-patron%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20230127053526/http://in.reuters.com/article/syria-crisis-idINL6E8J6E9Q20120807/) "Iran backs Assad as Syrian forces choke off Aleppo" . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C+%DB%B2%DB%B6+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%9B+%DA%A9%D9%85%DA%A9+%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A8%D9%87+%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%2F%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%AF+%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B4+%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AA+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C&rft.date=2024-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isna.ir%2Fnews%2F1402122618464%2F%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C-%25DB%25B2%25DB%25B6-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2581%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF-%25DA%25A9%25D9%2585%25DA%25A9-%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2582%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587-%25D8%25B2%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C%25D8%25AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Persian-language_script_(fa))  (./Category:CS1_Persian-language_sources_(fa))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20240316171553/https://www.ekhtebar.ir/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B4-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%86%DA%AF/) تایید مصوبه کاهش مدت سربازی در شورای نگهبان  (in Persian). 16 March 2024. Archived from (https://www.ekhtebar.ir/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B4-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%86%DA%AF/) the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%AF+%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87+%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B4+%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AA+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.date=2024-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekhtebar.ir%2F%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C%25D8%25AF-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587-%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D8%25B4-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25B4%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C-%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Persian-language_script_(fa))  (./Category:CS1_Persian-language_sources_(fa))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hussain, Murtaza. (https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/9/12/why-war-with-iran-would-spell-disaster) "Why war with Iran would spell disaster" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera) (Al Jazeera) Al Jazeera . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240229012940/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/9/12/why-war-with-iran-would-spell-disaster) Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+war+with+Iran+would+spell+disaster&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Murtaza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2012%2F9%2F12%2Fwhy-war-with-iran-would-spell-disaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jones, Seth G. (2020). "Regular Military Power". Containing Tehran: Understanding Iran's Power and Exploiting Its Vulnerabilities . Center for Strategic and International Studies. pp. 19– 27. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-8149-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-8149-3) 978-1-4422-8149-3  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (Freely accessible) (https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep29480.7) resrep29480.7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regular+Military+Power&rft.btitle=Containing+Tehran%3A+Understanding+Iran%27s+Power+and+Exploiting+Its+Vulnerabilities&rft.pages=19-27&rft.pub=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep29480.7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-8149-3&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Seth+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldatlas.com/society/the-largest-armies-in-the-world.html) "The Largest Armies in the World" . WorldAtlas . 12 February 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240318122543/https://www.worldatlas.com/society/the-largest-armies-in-the-world.html) Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=The+Largest+Armies+in+the+World&rft.date=2024-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Fsociety%2Fthe-largest-armies-in-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kaskanis, Angelos (2 December 2023). (https://brusselsmorning.com/irans-military-capabilities/36049/) "Iran's Military Capabilities: Exploring the Power of the" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240318122543/https://brusselsmorning.com/irans-military-capabilities/36049/) Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+Military+Capabilities%3A+Exploring+the+Power+of+the&rft.date=2023-12-02&rft.aulast=Kaskanis&rft.aufirst=Angelos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrusselsmorning.com%2Firans-military-capabilities%2F36049%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20240315102527/http://www.imam-khomeini.ir/fa/n151194/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C) ارتش بیست میلیونی  . Archived from (http://www.imam-khomeini.ir/fa/n151194/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C) the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4+%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA+%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imam-khomeini.ir%2Ffa%2Fn151194%2F%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B4_%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA_%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25DB%258C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Persian-language_script_(fa))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.deccanherald.com/world/irans-revolutionary-guards-powerful-group-with-wide-regional-reach-2878423) "Iran's Revolutionary Guards: Powerful group with wide regional reach" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Herald) (Deccan Herald) Deccan Herald  . 3 April 2024. 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(https://web.archive.org/web/20160923021108/http://www.rferl.org/content/Irans_Basij_Force_Mainstay_Of_Domestic_Security/1357081.html) Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+Basij+Force+%E2%80%93+The+Mainstay+Of+Domestic+Security&rft.pub=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.date=2008-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2FIrans_Basij_Force_Mainstay_Of_Domestic_Security%2F1357081.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sinéad Baker; Thibault Spirlet. (https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5) "The world's most powerful militaries in 2023, ranked" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider) (Business Insider) Business Insider  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231224124226/https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5) Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+most+powerful+militaries+in+2023%2C+ranked&rft.au=Sin%C3%A9ad+Baker&rft.au=Thibault+Spirlet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Franked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560) "General Ghorbani: Iran helicopter fleet, strongest in Middle East" . Iran Press . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231224125731/https://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560) Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iran+Press&rft.atitle=General+Ghorbani%3A+Iran+helicopter+fleet%2C+strongest+in+Middle+East&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firanpress.com%2Faliaspage%2F7560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210813214257/http://www.imarine.ir/marine-industries-organization/) سازمان صنایع دریایی – پایگاه اطلاعات دریایی ایران  (in Persian). 13 August 2021. Archived from (http://www.imarine.ir/marine-industries-organization/) the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B9+%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C+%E2%80%93+%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87+%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imarine.ir%2Fmarine-industries-organization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Persian-language_script_(fa))  (./Category:CS1_Persian-language_sources_(fa))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://armedforces.eu/Iran) "Iran – Army Navy Air Force | budget, equipment, personnel" . ArmedForces . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231203224400/https://armedforces.eu/Iran) Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArmedForces&rft.atitle=Iran+%E2%80%93+Army+Navy+Air+Force+%7C+budget%2C+equipment%2C+personnel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmedforces.eu%2FIran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827) "Iran Boosts Military Budget To Stand Among Top 15" . Iran International . 26 April 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827) Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iran+International&rft.atitle=Iran+Boosts+Military+Budget+To+Stand+Among+Top+15&rft.date=2022-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranintl.com%2Fen%2F202204261827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget) "Iran Military Spending=Defense Budget 1960–2023" . Macrotrends . 10 December 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget) Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macrotrends&rft.atitle=Iran+Military+Spending%3DDefense+Budget+1960%E2%80%932023&rft.date=2023-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrotrends.net%2Fcountries%2FIRN%2Firan%2Fmilitary-spending-defense-budget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2022/world-military-expenditure-passes-2-trillion-first-time) "World military expenditure passes $2 trillion for first time" . Sipri . 25 April 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20231209052355/https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2022/world-military-expenditure-passes-2-trillion-first-time) Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Militarization+of+the+Persian+Gulf%3A+An+Economic+Analysis&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84980-186-7&rft.au=Hossein+Askari&rft.au=Amin+Mohseni&rft.au=Shahrzad+Daneshvar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGxdtLyJZxDUC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7725951.stm) "Iran tests new long-range missile" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News  . 12 November 2008. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180614195959/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7725951.stm) Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2008 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Economic+Expansion%3A+The+IRGC%CA%B9s+Business+Conglomerate+and+Public+Works&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Pasdaran&rft.series=Assessing+the+Domestic+Roles+of+IranA%27s+Islamic+Revolutionary+Guards+Corps&rft.pages=55-76&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7249%2Fmg821osd.12%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-4620-8&rft.aulast=Wehrey&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft.au=Green%2C+Jerrold+D.&rft.au=Nichiporuk%2C+Brian&rft.au=Nader%2C+Alireza&rft.au=Hansell%2C+Lydia&rft.au=Nafisi%2C+Rasool&rft.au=Bohandy%2C+S.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Amiri, Hoshang (27 May 2025). (https://iranfocus.com/economy/51255-irans-government-budget-deficit-worsened-during-ebrahim-raisis-presidency/) "Iran's Government Budget Deficit Worsened During Ebrahim Raisi's Presidency" . Iran Focus . Retrieved 10 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iran+Focus&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+Government+Budget+Deficit+Worsened+During+Ebrahim+Raisi%27s+Presidency&rft.date=2025-05-27&rft.aulast=Amiri&rft.aufirst=Hoshang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanfocus.com%2Feconomy%2F51255-irans-government-budget-deficit-worsened-during-ebrahim-raisis-presidency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://itto.org/iran/city/Kish-Island/) "Kish Island, Hormozgan province – ITTO" . itto.org . Retrieved 9 January 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=itto.org&rft.atitle=Kish+Island%2C+Hormozgan+province+%E2%80%93+ITTO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitto.org%2Firan%2Fcity%2FKish-Island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.irna.ir/news/83911482/Iran-s-tourist-arrivals-grow-to-over-8-million-Minister) "Iran's tourist arrivals grow to over 8 Million: Minister" . Irna . 18 August 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20231207181819/https://en.irna.ir/news/83911482/Iran-s-tourist-arrivals-grow-to-over-8-million-Minister) Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irna&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+tourist+arrivals+grow+to+over+8+Million%3A+Minister&rft.date=2019-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.irna.ir%2Fnews%2F83911482%2FIran-s-tourist-arrivals-grow-to-over-8-million-Minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180653/https://www.mcth.ir/english/news/ID/50639) "Iran Third Fastest Growing Tourism Destination In 2019: UNWTO" . MCTH . 7 December 2023. Archived from (https://www.mcth.ir/english/news/ID/50639) the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MCTH&rft.atitle=Iran+Third+Fastest+Growing+Tourism+Destination+In+2019%3A+UNWTO&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcth.ir%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2FID%2F50639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.mehrnews.com/news/214503/Iran-s-tourism-industry-up-by-21-in-2023) "Iran's tourism industry up by 21% in 2023" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehr_News_Agency) (Mehr News Agency) Mehr News Agency . 29 April 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240429085210/https://en.mehrnews.com/news/214503/Iran-s-tourism-industry-up-by-21-in-2023) Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+tourism+industry+up+by+21%25+in+2023&rft.date=2024-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.mehrnews.com%2Fnews%2F214503%2FIran-s-tourism-industry-up-by-21-in-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.irna.ir/news/85492058/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%DB%B6%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF-%DB%B6-%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C) بازدید ۶ میلیون گردشگر خارجی از ایران در یک سال/ صعود ۶ پله‌ای ایران در رده‌بندی گردشگری  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_News_Agency) (Islamic Republic News Agency) Islamic Republic News Agency . 28 May 2024. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF+%DB%B6+%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86+%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%DB%8C%DA%A9+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%2F+%D8%B5%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF+%DB%B6+%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C+%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C&rft.date=2024-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irna.ir%2Fnews%2F85492058%2F%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D8%25AF-%25DB%25B6%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2586-%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B4%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AC%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2-%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9-%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584-%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF-%25DB%25B6-%25D9%25BE%25D9%2584%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Persian-language_script_(fa))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kryeziu, Alza (17 April 2024). 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Business+Year+2013%3A+Iran&rft.place=London&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=The+Business+Year&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-908180-11-7&rft.aulast=Ayse&rft.aufirst=Valentine&rft.au=Nash%2C+Jason+John&rft.au=Leland%2C+Rice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investiniran.ir%2Fen%2Ffilepool%2F26%3Fredirectpage%3D%252fen%252febook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Brian Boniface, MA; Chris Cooper; Robyn Cooper (2012). (https://books.google.com/books?id=U9CzLp7n6mgC&pg=PA362) Worldwide Destinations: The geography of travel and tourism  . Routledge. p. 362. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-00113-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-136-00113-0) 978-1-136-00113-0  . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+says+it+launched+a+satellite+despite+Western+concerns&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Firan-says-it-launched-a-satellite-despite-western-concerns%2Fa-68041834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://phys.org/news/2024-01-iran-satellite-aerospace-milestone.html) "Iran says launches satellite in new aerospace milestone" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240121092740/https://phys.org/news/2024-01-iran-satellite-aerospace-milestone.html) Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universidad+de+Antioquia&rft.atitle=Is+tax+funding+of+health+care+more+likely+to+be+regressive+than+systems+based+on+social+insurance+in+low+and+middle-income+countries%3F&rft.issue=78&rft.pages=229-239&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mej%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Aurelio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co%2Frevistas%2Findex.php%2Flecturasdeeconomia%2Farticle%2Fview%2F15770%2F17868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20060326185508/http://www.payvand.com/news/03/nov/1135.html) "Iran: Focus on reverse migration" . Payvand . Archived from (http://www.payvand.com/news/03/nov/1135.html) the original on 26 March 2006. Retrieved 17 April 2006 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+distribution+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fabout%2Farchives%2F2021%2Ffield%2Fpopulation-distribution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   Tohidi 2009 , p. 300.  ↑   United States 2011 , p. 316.  ↑   Elling 2013 , p. 19.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric (May 2008). (https://web.archive.org/web/20150927105102/http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf) "Country Profile: Iran" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress) (Library of Congress) Library of Congress . p. 5. Archived from (http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf) the original (PDF) on 27 September 2015 – via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division) (Federal Research Division) Federal Research Division . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Iran&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2008-05&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Glenn+E.&rft.au=Hooglund%2C+Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FIran.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/08/minorities-iran-have-been-disproportionally-impacted-ongoing-crackdown) "Minorities in Iran have been disproportionally impacted in ongoing crackdown to repress the "Woman, Life, Freedom" movement, UN Fact-Finding Mission says" . OHCHR . Retrieved 10 March 2025 . 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(https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC) The Role of the State in West Asia  Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, 2005 (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-86884-13-1) (Special:BookSources/91-86884-13-1) 91-86884-13-1    ↑   (https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA141) Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East  (https://web.archive.org/web/20240402135910/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived 2 April 2024 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  Facts On File, Incorporated (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4381-2676-X) (Special:BookSources/1-4381-2676-X) 1-4381-2676-X  p. 141  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Oberling, Pierre (7 February 2012). 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(https://archive.org/details/persiangulfsouth0000unse/page/158) The Persian Gulf and South Asia: prospects and problems of inter-regional cooperation  . South Asian Publishers. p. (https://archive.org/details/persiangulfsouth0000unse/page/158) 158 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7003-077-5) (Special:BookSources/978-81-7003-077-5) 978-81-7003-077-5  . Shias constitute seventy-five percent of the population of the Gulf. Of this, ninety-five percent of Iranians and sixty of Iraqis are Shias.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Gulf+and+South+Asia%3A+prospects+and+problems+of+inter-regional+cooperation&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=South+Asian+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7003-077-5&rft.au=Bhabani+Sen+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersiangulfsouth0000unse%2Fpage%2F158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/iran/) "2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Iran" . US Department of State . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231225100641/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/iran/) Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2021+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Firan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Smyth, Gareth (29 September 2016). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/29/iran-shia-islam-matter-of-state) "Removal of the heart: how Islam became a matter of state in Iran" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) 0261-3077 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190713043734/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/29/iran-shia-islam-matter-of-state) Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Removal+of+the+heart%3A+how+Islam+became+a+matter+of+state+in+Iran&rft.date=2016-09-29&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fsep%2F29%2Firan-shia-islam-matter-of-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/iran/) "2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Iran" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State) (United States Department of State) United States Department of State  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2022+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Firan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gorder, Christian van (5 June 2008). (https://books.google.com/books?id=8GyTAgAAQBAJ&dq=central+asia+hanafi&pg=PA74) Muslim-Christian Relations in Central Asia  . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97168-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97168-7) 978-1-135-97168-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim-Christian+Relations+in+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft.isbn=978-1-135-97168-7&rft.aulast=Gorder&rft.aufirst=Christian+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8GyTAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcentral%2Basia%2Bhanafi%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   Colin Brock, Lila Zia Levers. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Art+in+Iran&rft.btitle=Encyclop%D9%88dia+Iranica&rft.pages=640-646&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fart-in-iran-xi-post-qajar-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20041125121857/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_2_91/ai_97551434) "Art in America: Modernity and revolution: a recent show of Iranian art focused on the turbulent time from 1960 to 1980, juxtaposing formally inventive works of art with politically charged photographs and posters – Art & Politics – Between Word and Image: Modern Iranian Visual Culture" . Art in America . 25 November 2004. Archived from the original on 25 November 2004. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+in+America&rft.atitle=Art+in+America%3A+Modernity+and+revolution%3A+a+recent+show+of+Iranian+art+focused+on+the+turbulent+time+from+1960+to+1980%2C+juxtaposing+formally+inventive+works+of+art+with+politically+charged+photographs+and+posters+%E2%80%93+Art+%26+Politics+%E2%80%93+Between+Word+and+Image%3A+Modern+Iranian+Visual+Culture&rft.date=2004-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1248%2Fis_2_91%2Fai_97551434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)  (./Category:CS1:_unfit_URL)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Upham_Pope) (Arthur Upham Pope) Pope, Arthur Upham (1965). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/persianarchitect0000unse) Persian Architecture   . New York: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Braziller) (George Braziller) George Braziller . p. 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Iran – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture . Kuperard. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85733-598-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-85733-598-9) 978-1-85733-598-9  . Iranians are obsessive tea drinkers  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=DRINKING&rft.btitle=Iran+%E2%80%93+Culture+Smart%21%3A+The+Essential+Guide+to+Customs+%26+Culture&rft.pub=Kuperard&rft.date=2008-10&rft.isbn=978-1-85733-598-9&rft.au=Williams%2C+Stuart.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYXYFAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Maslin, Jamie. (2009). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/iranianrapperspe0000masl) Iranian Rappers and Persian Porn: A Hitchhiker's Adventures in the New Iran   . Skyhorse Publishing Inc. p. 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57965-727-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-57965-727-7) 978-1-57965-727-7  . ...  havij bastani, a kind of ice cream float, made with Persian ice cream and carrot juice  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taste+of+Persia%3A+A+Cook%27s+Travels+Through+Armenia%2C+Azerbaijan%2C+Georgia%2C+Iran%2C+and+Kurdistan&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=Artisan&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft.isbn=978-1-57965-727-7&rft.au=Duguid%2C+Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-GACwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20050716074736/http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2228/html/focus.htm) "Sturgeon Stocks Slump" . Iran-daily.com. Archived from (http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2228/html/focus.htm) the original on 16 July 2005. Retrieved 21 June 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sturgeon+Stocks+Slump&rft.pub=Iran-daily.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iran-daily.com%2F1383%2F2228%2Fhtml%2Ffocus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.polomuseum.com/history_of_polo.htm) "The History of Polo" . Polomuseum.com. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130717015002/http://www.polomuseum.com/history_of_polo.htm) Archived from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Polo&rft.pub=Polomuseum.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polomuseum.com%2Fhistory_of_polo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ben Johnson. (http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/The-Origins-of-Polo/) "The origins and history of Polo" . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polo+in+India&rft.place=London&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=New+Holland&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84537-913-1&rft.au=Singh%2C+Jaisal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://traditionalsportsgames.org/index.php/sport/35-traditional-sports-recognized/214-zurkhaneh) "Zurkhaneh Traditional Sports" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240502163840/https://traditionalsportsgames.org/index.php/sport/35-traditional-sports-recognized/214-zurkhaneh) Archived from the original on 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024 . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973215-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973215-9) 978-0-19-973215-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Afghan+Interlude+and+the+Zand+and+Afshar+Dynasties+%281722%E2%80%9395%29&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Iranian+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973215-9&rft.aulast=Aghaie&rft.aufirst=Kamran+Scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Aigle, Denise (2024). Iran Under the Mongols: Ilkhanid Administrators and Persian Notables in Fars . I.B. Tauris. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4573-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4573-2) 978-0-7556-4573-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Under+the+Mongols%3A+Ilkhanid+Administrators+and+Persian+Notables+in+Fars&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-4573-2&rft.aulast=Aigle&rft.aufirst=Denise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Axworthy, Michael (2008). A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind . Basic Books. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09876-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09876-7) 978-0-465-09876-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Iran%3A+Empire+of+the+Mind&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-465-09876-7&rft.aulast=Axworthy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Baker, Patricia L. (2005) [2001]. Iran: The Bradt Travel Guide . Bradt Travel Guides. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-123-4) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-123-4) 978-1-84162-123-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+The+Bradt+Travel+Guide&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-123-4&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Patricia+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Barthold, V. V. (1962). Four Studies on the History of Central Asia: Volume III: Mir Ali-Shir: A History of the Turkman People . Brill. 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(2014). Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond . 2 volumes. ABC-CLIO. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6) 978-1-59884-948-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+War%3A+From+the+Mongol+Conquest+to+Afghanistan%2C+Chechnya%2C+and+Beyond&rft.series=2+volumes&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-948-6&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=Timothy+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  El-Azhari, Taef (2019). "The Seljuqs from Syria to Iran: The Age of Khatuns and Atabegs". Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661–1257 . Edinburg University Press. pp. 285– 348. 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The A to Z of Iran . Scarecrow Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7638-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7638-5) 978-0-8108-7638-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Iran&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7638-5&rft.aulast=Lorentz&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mahendrarajah, Shivan (2019). "The Iranian Interlude: From Mongol Decline to Timur's Invasion". Iran after the Mongols . Bloomsbury. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786725974) (Special:BookSources/9781786725974) 9781786725974  . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-22412-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-003-22412-9) 978-1-003-22412-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Iran+from+the+Palaeolithic+to+the+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003224129&rft.isbn=978-1-003-22412-9&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Nashli%2C+Hassan+Fazeli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781003224129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Middleton, John (2015). World Monarchies and Dynasties . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8050-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8050-1) 978-0-7656-8050-1  . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sectarianism+in+Iraq%3A+The+Making+of+State+and+Nation+Since+1920&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-138-77946-4&rft.aulast=Osman&rft.aufirst=Khalil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC) A Companion to Ancient Macedonia  . John Wiley and Sons. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7) 978-1-4443-5163-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5163-7&rft.aulast=Roisman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Worthington%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsJ183uUDkMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ross, Martha (1977). Rulers and Governments of the World: Volume 1: Earliest Times to 1491 . Bowker. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85935-021-5) (Special:BookSources/0-85935-021-5) 0-85935-021-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers+and+Governments+of+the+World%3A+Volume+1%3A+Earliest+Times+to+1491&rft.pub=Bowker&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-85935-021-5&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rossabi, Morris (2002). "The Mongols and Their Legacy". The Legacy of Genghis Khan: Courtly Art and Culture in Western Asia, 1256–1353 . The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58839-071-3) (Special:BookSources/1-58839-071-3) 1-58839-071-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mongols+and+Their+Legacy&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Genghis+Khan%3A+Courtly+Art+and+Culture+in+Western+Asia%2C+1256%E2%80%931353&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58839-071-3&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian–Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran . I.B. Tauris. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-645-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-645-3) 978-1-84511-645-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Sasanian+Empire%3A+The+Sasanian%E2%80%93Parthian+Confederacy+and+the+Arab+Conquest+of+Iran&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-645-3&rft.aulast=Pourshariati&rft.aufirst=Parvaneh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shenkar, Michael (2014). Intangible Spirits and Graven Images: The Iconography of Deities in the Pre-Islamic Iranian World . Brill. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28148-6) (Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28148-6) 978-90-04-28148-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intangible+Spirits+and+Graven+Images%3A+The+Iconography+of+Deities+in+the+Pre-Islamic+Iranian+World&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28148-6&rft.aulast=Shenkar&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Strootman, Rolf (2020). "The Great Kings of Asia: Imperial Titulature in the Seleukid and Post-Seleukid Middle East". New Perspectives in Seleucid History, Archaeology and Numismatics: Studies in Honor of Getzel M. Cohen . Walter de Gruyter GmbH. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028378-5) (Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028378-5) 978-3-11-028378-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Great+Kings+of+Asia%3A+Imperial+Titulature+in+the+Seleukid+and+Post-Seleukid+Middle+East&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+in+Seleucid+History%2C+Archaeology+and+Numismatics%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+Getzel+M.+Cohen&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028378-5&rft.aulast=Strootman&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Temperman, Jeroen (2010). "State Support & State Acknowledgement of Religion". State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance . Brill. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18148-9) (Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18148-9) 978-90-04-18148-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+Support+%26+State+Acknowledgement+of+Religion&rft.btitle=State-Religion+Relationships+and+Human+Rights+Law%3A+Towards+a+Right+to+Religiously+Neutral+Governance&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18148-9&rft.aulast=Temperman&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sicker, Martin (2000). The Pre-Islamic Middle East . Greenwood Publishing Group. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96890-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96890-8) 978-0-275-96890-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pre-Islamic+Middle+East&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96890-8&rft.aulast=Sicker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Osanloo, Arzoo (2009). "Human Rights: The Politics and Prose of Discursive Sites". The Politics of Women's Rights in Iran . Princeton University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13546-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13546-5) 978-0-691-13546-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Human+Rights%3A+The+Politics+and+Prose+of+Discursive+Sites&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Women%27s+Rights+in+Iran&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13546-5&rft.aulast=Osanloo&rft.aufirst=Arzoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tohidi, Nayareh (2009). "Ethnicity and Religious Minority Politics in Iran". In Gheissari, Ali (ed.). Contemporary Iran: Economy, Society, Politics . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537849-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537849-8) 978-0-19-537849-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+Religious+Minority+Politics+in+Iran&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Iran%3A+Economy%2C+Society%2C+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537849-8&rft.aulast=Tohidi&rft.aufirst=Nayareh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Venning, Timothy (2023). A Compendium of World Sovereigns: Volume I Ancient . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-36194-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-032-36194-9) 978-1-032-36194-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Compendium+of+World+Sovereigns%3A+Volume+I+Ancient&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-032-36194-9&rft.aulast=Venning&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ward, Steven R. (2009). Immortal: A Military History of Iran and its Armed Forces . Georgetown University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-587-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-587-6) 978-1-58901-587-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immortal%3A+A+Military+History+of+Iran+and+its+Armed+Forces&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58901-587-6&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Steven+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)      Other sources  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1365158831)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  United States (2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ndOYoxPXw4oC&dq=iran+theocratic+republic&pg=PA315) "Iran" . The World Factbook 2011 . Central Intelligence Agency. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-089365-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-16-089365-0) 978-0-16-089365-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+2011&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-16-089365-0&rft.au=United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DndOYoxPXw4oC%26dq%3Diran%2Btheocratic%2Brepublic%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran)       External links  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1314755338)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library) (Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library) Library resources about  Iran   (https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Iran) Resources in your library  (https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Iran&library=0CHOOSE0) Resources in other libraries      (https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IR) Key Development Forecasts for Iran from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futures) (International Futures) International Futures   Government  (https://irangov.ir/en) Government – Official website of the Government of Iran (https://www.leader.ir/en) Supreme Leader – official website of the supreme leader of Iran (https://president.ir/en) Presidency – official website of the president of Iran (http://www.majlis.ir) Consultative Assembly – official website of the National Consultative Assembly of Iran (http://divanealee.eadl.ir) Supreme Court (https://web.archive.org/web/20250614105707/https://divanealee.eadl.ir/) Archived 14 June 2025 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  – official website of the Supreme Court of Egypt (http://www.amar.org.ir) Statistics – official website of Statistical Centre of Iran   History  (https://lisbon.mfa.ir/pt/generalcategoryservices/9025/history-of-iran) "History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20250629145424/https://lisbon.mfa.ir/pt/generalcategoryservices/9025/history-of-iran) Archived 29 June 2025 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  – Iranian history at Embassy of Iran in Lisbon   Tourism  (https://visitiran.ir/) Visit Iran (https://web.archive.org/web/20251004070423/https://www.visitiran.ir/) Archived 4 October 2025 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  – Iran's official tourism portal   Maps  ()     (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas%20of%20Iran) (commons:Atlas of Iran) Wikimedia Atlas of Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Openstreetmap_logo.svg) (icon)    Geographic data related to  (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/304938) Iran at  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap) (OpenStreetMap) OpenStreetMap     Articles 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early modern  632–1090 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate) (Rashidun Caliphate) Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate) (Umayyad Caliphate) Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate) (Abbasid Caliphate) Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_Empire) (Samanid Empire) Samanid dynasty (819–999)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty) (Tahirid dynasty) Tahirid dynasty (821–873)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran) (Alid dynasties of northern Iran) Alavid dynasty (864–928)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty) (Saffarid dynasty) Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty) (Ziyarid dynasty) Ziyarid dynasty (931–1090)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyid_dynasty) (Buyid dynasty) Buyid dynasty (934–1062)       977–1432 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids) (Ghaznavids) Ghaznavid Empire (977–1186)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty) (Ghurid dynasty) Ghurid dynasty (1011–1215)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire) (Seljuk Empire) Seljuk Empire (1037–1194)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty) (Anushtegin dynasty) Anushtegin dynasty (1077–1231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldiguzids) (Eldiguzids) Eldiguzids (1135/36-1225)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart_dynasty) (Kart dynasty) Kart dynasty (1244–1381)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate) (Ilkhanate) Ilkhanate (1256–1335)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)) (Muzaffarids (Iran)) Muzaffarid dynasty (1314–1393)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate) (Jalayirid Sultanate) Jalayirid Sultanate dynasty (1335–1432)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobanids) (Chobanids) Chobanid dynasty (1338–1357)       1370–1925 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_Empire) (Timurid Empire) Timurid Empire (1370–1507)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu) (Qara Qoyunlu) Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans (1374–1468)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu) (Aq Qoyunlu) Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans (1378–1508)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran) (Safavid Iran) Safavid Empire (1501–1736)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_Iran) (Afsharid Iran) Afsharid Empire (1736–1796)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty) (Zand dynasty) Zand Dynasty (1751–1794)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_Iran) (Qajar Iran) Qajar Empire (1789–1925)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanates_of_Azerbaijan) (Khanates of Azerbaijan) Khanates of Azerbaijan (18th–20th centuries)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus) (Khanates of the Caucasus) Khanates of the Caucasus (18th–19th centuries)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution) (Persian Constitutional Revolution) Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis) (1908 bombardment of the Majlis) 1908 bombardment of the Majlis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran) (Kurdish separatism in Iran) Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d'état) (1921 Persian coup d'état) 1921 Persian coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan) (Arab separatism in Khuzestan) Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)           Modern  1925–1979 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty) (Pahlavi dynasty) Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab_dispute) (Shatt al-Arab dispute) Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946) (Iran crisis of 1946) Iran crisis of 1946  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan) (Insurgency in Balochistan) Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Iranian_Constituent_Assembly_election) (1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election) 1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d'état) (1953 Iranian coup d'état) 1953 coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) (Iranian Revolution) Iranian Revolution (1979)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) Islamic Republic   1979–present (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran) (History of the Islamic Republic of Iran) History (1979–)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1979)) (Interim Government of Iran (1979)) Interim Government (1979)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum) (March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum) March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency) (1979 Khuzestan insurgency) 1979 Khuzestan insurgency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis) (Iran hostage crisis) Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum) (December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum) December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege) (Iranian Embassy siege) Iranian Embassy siege (1980)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot) (Nojeh coup plot) Nojeh coup plot (1980)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Iraq_War) (Iran–Iraq War) Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1981)) (Interim Government of Iran (1981)) Interim Government of Iran (1981)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981–1982_Iran_Massacres) (1981–1982 Iran Massacres) 1981–1982 Iran Massacres  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident) (1987 Mecca incident) 1987 Mecca incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655) (Iran Air Flight 655) Iran Air Flight 655 shootdown (1988)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989–1996)) (KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)) KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–PJAK_conflict) (Iran–PJAK conflict) PJAK conflict (2004–)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests) (2009 Iranian presidential election protests) 2009 Iranian presidential election protests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war) (Syrian civil war) Syrian Civil War (2011–2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State) (War against the Islamic State) War against the Islamic State (2014–)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action) (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action) (United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) United States withdrawal (2018)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017–2018_Iranian_protests) (2017–2018 Iranian protests) 2017–2018 Iranian protests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018–2019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests) (2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests) 2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran) (COVID-19 pandemic in Iran) COVID-19 pandemic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests) (2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests) 2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019–2020_Iranian_protests) (2019–2020 Iranian protests) 2019–2020 Iranian protests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests) (2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests) 2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021–2022_Iranian_protests) (2021–2022 Iranian protests) 2021–2022 Iranian protests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Iran–Israel_conflict) (2024 Iran–Israel conflict) 2024 Iran–Israel conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-Day_War) (Twelve-Day War) 2025 Twelve-Day War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025–2026_Iranian_protests) (2025–2026 Iranian protests) 2025–2026 Iranian protests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Iran_war) (2026 Iran war) 2026 Iran War           See also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Persians) (List of ancient Persians) Ancient Persians  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Iran) (Greater Iran) Greater Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persianization) (Persianization) Persianization (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persianate_society) (Persianate society) Persianate society (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition) (Turco-Persian tradition) Turco-Persian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture) (Indo-Persian culture) Indo-Persian      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples) (Iranian peoples) Iranic peoples (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages) (Iranian languages) languages    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiroft_culture) (Jiroft culture) Jiroft culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan) (Aryan) Aryans  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis) (Azerbaijanis) Azerbaijanis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus) (Peoples of the Caucasus) Peoples of the Caucasus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians) (Persians) Persians  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia) (List of monarchs of Persia) Monarchs of Persia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran) (List of heads of state of Iran) Heads of state of Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran) (History of democracy in classical Iran) History of democracy in classical Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran) (Military history of Iran) Military history (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iran_(before_1979)) (List of wars involving Iran (before 1979)) List of wars involving Iran (before 1979)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iran) (List of wars involving Iran) List of wars involving Islamic Republic of Iran    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_electricity_in_Iran) (History of electricity in Iran) Electric history  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iran) (List of years in Iran) Years in Iran                 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Iran) (Geography of Iran) Geography    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_Iran) (Borders of Iran) Borders  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province) (List of cities in Iran by province) Cities (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iran) (List of largest cities of Iran) largest  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran) (List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran) twin towns and sister cities    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran) (List of earthquakes in Iran) Earthquakes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran) (Environmental issues in Iran) Environmental issues (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran) (Climate change in Iran) Climate change    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)) (Azerbaijan (Iran)) Iranian Azerbaijan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province) (Sistan and Baluchestan province) Iranian Balochistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests) (Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests) Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus) (Caucasus) Caucasus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan) (Iranian Kurdistan) Iranian Kurdistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_plateau) (Iranian plateau) Iranian plateau  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Urmia) (Lake Urmia) Lake Urmia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran) (List of islands of Iran) Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran) (List of mountains in Iran) Mountains  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran) (Provinces of Iran) Provinces  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran) (Wildlife of Iran) Wildlife            (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Iran) (Politics of Iran) Politics     General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iran) (Capital punishment in Iran) Capital punishment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran) (Censorship in Iran) Censorship  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran) (Constitution of Iran) Constitution  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution) (Persian Constitutional Revolution) Persian Constitutional Revolution ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran) (Corruption in Iran) Corruption  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Iran) (Elections in Iran) Elections  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election) (2009 Iranian presidential election) 2009 presidential ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran) (Foreign relations of Iran) Foreign relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran) (Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran) Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran) (Human rights in Iran) Human rights (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childrens'_Rights_in_Iran) (Childrens' Rights in Iran) Children's rights  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran) (LGBT rights in Iran) LGBT  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_rights_in_Iran) (Women's rights in Iran) Women's rights    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_judicial_system_of_Iran) (History of the judicial system of Iran) Judicial system  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces) (Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces) Military  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army) (Islamic Republic of Iran Army) Army  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force) (Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force) Air Force  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy) (Islamic Republic of Iran Navy) Navy ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)) (Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)) Ministry of Intelligence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_Iran) (Cyberwarfare and Iran) Cyberwarfare  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran) (Nuclear program of Iran) Nuclear program  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747) (United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747) UN Security Council Resolution 1747 ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran) (List of political parties in Iran) Political parties  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran) (Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran) Political repression  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principlists) (Principlists) Principlists  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran) (Propaganda in Iran) Propaganda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Reformists) (Iranian Reformists) Reformists  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_and_terrorism_in_Iran) (Assassination and terrorism in Iran) Terrorism  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism) (Iran and state-sponsored terrorism) state-sponsorship allegations ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Revolution) (White Revolution) White Revolution (1963)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_rights_movement_in_Iran) (Women's rights movement in Iran) Women's rights movement      Councils (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts) (Assembly of Experts) Assembly (or Council) of Experts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council) (Expediency Discernment Council) Expediency Discernment Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Council) (Guardian Council) Guardian Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly) (Islamic Consultative Assembly) Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_councils_of_Iran) (Local councils of Iran) Local councils  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council) (Supreme National Security Council) Supreme National Security Council      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials) (List of Iranian officials) Officials  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran) (List of current ambassadors from Iran) Ambassadors  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Iran) (President of Iran) President  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_Iran_governors-general) (List of current Iran governors-general) Provincial governors  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran) (Supreme Leader of Iran) Supreme Leader                 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Iran) (Economy of Iran) Economy     General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonyad) (Bonyad) Bonyad (charitable trust)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_capital_flight_from_Iran) (Human capital flight from Iran) Brain drain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran) (List of companies of Iran) Companies  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran) (Automotive industry in Iran) Automotive industry ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iran) (Child labour in Iran) Child labour  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran) (Corruption in Iran) Corruption  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization) (Economic Cooperation Organization) Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran) (Economic history of Iran) Economic history  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan) (Iranian Economic Reform Plan) Economic Reform Plan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Iran) (Energy in Iran) Energy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran) (Environmental issues in Iran) Environmental issues  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran) (Foreign direct investment in Iran) Foreign direct investment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran) (Intellectual property in Iran) Intellectual property  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse) (Iranian oil bourse) International oil bourse  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran) (International rankings of Iran) International rankings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_and_the_World_Trade_Organization) (Iran and the World Trade Organization) Iran and the World Trade Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran) (Taxation in Iran) Taxation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran) (List of economic laws in Iran) Main economic laws  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East) (Economy of the Middle East) Economy of the Middle East  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milad_Tower) (Milad Tower) Milad Tower and complex  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran) (List of military equipment manufactured in Iran) Military equipment manufactured  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran) (Nuclear program of Iran) Nuclear program  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747) (United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747) UN Security Council Resolution 1747 ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran) (Privatization in Iran) Privatization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_rial) (Iranian rial) Rial (currency)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency) (Iranian Space Agency) Space Agency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini's_Order) (Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order) Setad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran) (Supreme Audit Court of Iran) Supreme Audit Court  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange) (Tehran Stock Exchange) Tehran Stock Exchange  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Iran) (Venture capital in Iran) Venture capital  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Iran#Technology_start-ups) (Communications in Iran) Technology start-ups )     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector) (Economic sector) Sectors  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran) (Agriculture in Iran) Agriculture  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_production_in_Iran) (Fruit production in Iran) fruit ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran) (Banking and insurance in Iran) Banking and insurance (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran) (Central Bank of Iran) Central Bank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System) (Shetab Banking System) Shetab Banking System    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran) (Construction industry of Iran) Construction  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran) (Defense industry of Iran) Defense  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran) (Healthcare in Iran) Health care  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran) (Pharmaceuticals in Iran) Pharmaceuticals ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_of_Iran) (Industry of Iran) Industry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Iran) (Mining in Iran) Mining  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran) (Petroleum industry in Iran) Petroleum  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company) (Anglo-Persian Oil Company) Anglo-Persian Oil Company ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Iran) (Communications in Iran) Telecommunications and IT  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran) (Telecommunication Company of Iran) TCI ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Iran) (Transport in Iran) Transport  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iran) (List of airlines of Iran) airlines  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Metro) (Tehran Metro) metro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways) (Islamic Republic of Iran Railways) railways  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRISL_Group) (IRISL Group) shipping ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran) (Tourism in Iran) Tourism      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprise) (State-owned enterprise) State-owned companies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Industries_Organization) (Defense Industries Organization) Defense Industries Organization (DIO)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDRO_Group) (IDRO Group) Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization) (Iran Aviation Industries Organization) Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries) (Iran Electronics Industries) Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company) (National Iranian Oil Company) National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran) (National Development Fund of Iran) National Development Fund      Places (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaluyeh) (Asaluyeh) Asaluyeh industrial corridor  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabahar_Free_Trade-Industrial_Zone) (Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone) Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kish_Island) (Kish Island) Kish Island Free Trade Zone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_research_centers) (List of Iranian research centers) Research centers                 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iran) (Category:Society of Iran) Society     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran) (Demographics of Iran) Demographics   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Iran) (Languages of Iran) Languages  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language) (Persian language) Persian (Farsi)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language) (Armenian language) Armenian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language) (Azerbaijani language) Azerbaijani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_languages) (Kurdish languages) Kurdish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language) (Hebrew language) Hebrew  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language) (Georgian language) Georgian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic) (Assyrian Neo-Aramaic) Neo-Aramaic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages) (Iranian languages) Iranian languages      Peoples (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran) (Demographics of Iran) Iranian citizens  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_diaspora) (Iranian diaspora) abroad ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Iran) (Ethnic minorities in Iran) Ethnic minorities (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Armenians) (Iranian Armenians) Armenians  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran) (Assyrians in Iran) Assyrians  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis) (Iranian Azerbaijanis) Azerbaijanis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran) (Circassians in Iran) Circassians  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Georgians) (Iranian Georgians) Georgians  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran) (Kurds in Iran) Kurds  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran) (History of the Jews in Iran) Jews  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens) (Iranian Turkmens) Turkmen        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Iran) (Religion in Iran) Religion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Iran) (Islam in Iran) Islam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baháʼí_Faith_in_Iran) (Baháʼí Faith in Iran) Baháʼí Faith  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Baháʼís) (Persecution of Baháʼís) persecution ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran) (Christianity in Iran) Christianity  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran) (Zoroastrianism in Iran) Zoroastrians  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians) (Persecution of Zoroastrians) persecution ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran) (Freedom of religion in Iran) Freedom of religion      Other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran) (Corruption in Iran) Corruption  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Iran) (Crime in Iran) Crime  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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Iran) (Culture of Iran) Culture   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_architecture) (Iranian architecture) Architecture  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture) (Achaemenid architecture) Achaemenid  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architects_of_Iran) (Architects of Iran) architects ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_art) (Persian art) Art  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art) (Iranian modern and contemporary art) modern / contemporary ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_astronomy) (Persian astronomy) Astronomy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran) (Blogging in Iran) Blogs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_calendars) (Iranian calendars) Calendars  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz) (Nowruz) Persian New Year (Nowruz ) ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) (Fashion in Iran) Fashion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Persian_antiquities_dispute) (University of Chicago Persian antiquities dispute) Chicago Persian antiquities dispute  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran) (Cinema of Iran) Cinema  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_and_time_notation_in_Iran) (Date and time notation in Iran) Date and time notation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_cuisine) (Iranian cuisine) Cuisine ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_wine) (Persian wine) wine ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_folklore) (Iranian folklore) Folklore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran) (Intellectual movements in Iran) Intellectual movements  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranians) (List of Iranians) Iranians  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_studies) (Iranian studies) Iranian studies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Iran) (Islam in Iran) Islam  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran) (Islamization 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_gardens) (Persian gardens) Persian gardens (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_garden) (Paradise garden) Paradise garden    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_name) (Persian name) Persian name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy) (Iranian philosophy) Philosophy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran) (Public holidays in Iran) Public holidays  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting_in_Iran) (Scouting in Iran) Scouting  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Iran) (Sport in Iran) Sport  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Iran) (Football in Iran) football )     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Iran) (Music of Iran) Music  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_folk_music) (Iranian folk music) Folk  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_jazz) (Iranian jazz) Jazz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_pop_music) (Iranian pop music) Pop  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop) (Iranian 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) Thailand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam) (Vietnam) Vietnam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition) (List of states with limited recognition) States with limited recognition   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia) (Abkhazia) Abkhazia 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia) (South Ossetia) South Ossetia 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Taiwan      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but is geographically in West Asia.  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(c:ایران) Media  from Commons  ()    (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Iran) (q:Iran) Quotations  from Wikiquote  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg) (Wikiversity logo)    (https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Iran) (v:Iran) Resources  from Wikiversity  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg) (Wikivoyage logo)    (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Iran) (voy:Iran) Travel guides  from Wikivoyage    (./Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata#voy)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control) (Help:Authority control) Authority control databases (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q794#identifiers) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)       International (https://isni.org/isni/0000000404539679) ISNI   (https://viaf.org/viaf/149669363) VIAF  (https://viaf.org/viaf/2945159337534613150000) 2     (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027653-3) GND   (https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204889) FAST   (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtrYvcVTwChrDqytBvJXd) WorldCat       National (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79039880) United States   (Iran - Vedette géographique) (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153420449) France   (Iran - Vedette RAMEAU) (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119320855) 2      (Iran - Vedette géographique) (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153420449) BnF data   (Iran - Vedette RAMEAU) (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119320855) 2      (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564213) Japan   (Írán) (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131735&CON_LNG=ENG) Czech Republic    (https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX451360) Spain   (https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90221401) Norway   (http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000270238) Chile   (https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/633) Vatican   (https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559654805171) Israel   (https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981061103965506706) Catalonia       Geographic (https://musicbrainz.org/area/a63fbc7f-af00-33c7-8616-3e86df9fc16b) MusicBrainz area       Academics (Iran) (https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01363859?l=en) CiNii        Artists (http://kulturnav.org/03ebe7c5-ec5a-4b92-85e6-28f8c4ffbb97) KulturNav   (https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/12696/) Victoria       People (https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/876427) Trove   (https://id.parliament.uk/vePVRKUd) UK Parliament       Other (Iran) (https://www.idref.fr/026488655) IdRef   (Iran) (https://www.idref.fr/027234576) 2      (https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003410) Historical Dictionary of Switzerland   (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044493) NARA   (http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12589) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine   (https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/iran) İslâm Ansiklopedisi   (https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/3fe0014a-938e-45db-b027-7b8c759f7e7b) Yale LUX          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iran&params=32_N_53_E_dim:1000km_type:country_region:IR) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 32°N 53°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 32°N 53°E  / 32; 53     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)    (./Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata)   (./Category:Iran#%20)  (./Category:Countries_in_Asia)  (./Category:G15_nations)  (./Category:Iranian_plateau)  (./Category:Islamic_republics)  (./Category:BRICS_nations)  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